Chat Clear Filters

Browse free open source Chat software and projects below. Use the toggles on the left to filter open source Chat software by OS, license, language, programming language, and project status.

  • Our Free Plans just got better! | Auth0 by Okta Icon
    Our Free Plans just got better! | Auth0 by Okta

    With up to 25k MAUs and unlimited Okta connections, our Free Plan lets you focus on what you do best—building great apps.

    You asked, we delivered! Auth0 is excited to expand our Free and Paid plans to include more options so you can focus on building, deploying, and scaling applications without having to worry about your secuirty. Auth0 now, thank yourself later.
    Try free now
  • Top-Rated Free CRM Software Icon
    Top-Rated Free CRM Software

    216,000+ customers in over 135 countries grow their businesses with HubSpot

    HubSpot is an AI-powered customer platform with all the software, integrations, and resources you need to connect your marketing, sales, and customer service. HubSpot's connected platform enables you to grow your business faster by focusing on what matters most: your customers.
    Get started free
  • 1
    BeeBEEP (Free Office Messenger)

    BeeBEEP (Free Office Messenger)

    You can message and share files inside your intranet without a server.

    BeeBEEP is a secure (encryption based on Rijndael Algorithm, AES) peer to peer office messenger. You can talk and send files with all your colleagues inside a local area network such of an office, home or internet cafe without a server. BeeBEEP works also with VPNs. This serverless application is indispensable in all those places where privacy and security an essential requirement. For more info visit: https://www.beebeep.net
    Leader badge
    Downloads: 1,754 This Week
    Last Update:
    See Project
  • 2
    Pidgin IM

    Pidgin IM

    A universal instant messaging (IM) program

    See https://pidgin.im/about/ for more information. Pidgin is an instant messaging program which lets you log in to accounts on multiple chat networks simultaneously. It runs on Windows, Linux, and other UNIX operating systems. Pidgin is compatible with the following chat networks out of the box: AIM, ICQ, Google Talk, Jabber/XMPP, MSN Messenger, Yahoo!, Bonjour, Gadu-Gadu, IRC, MXit, Novell GroupWise Messenger, Lotus Sametime, SILC, SIMPLE, MySpaceIM, and Zephyr. It is written in C and makes heavy use of GLib and GTK+. Finch is a command line instant messaging program. It also lets you log in to accounts on multiple chat network simultaneously, and it is compatible with the same chat networks as Pidgin. It is written in C and makes heavy use of GLib and ncurses.
    Leader badge
    Downloads: 7,404 This Week
    Last Update:
    See Project
  • 3
    DC++

    DC++

    A Windows client for the Direct Connect networks

    DC++ is an open source Windows client for the Direct Connect file sharing network. The DC network is a decentralized network, made up of individual servers (hubs) that users join to share files with other members on that hub. Each hub is individually run by a fellow user of the DC network, and may have certain themes to the content on the hub. Hub owners set up rules to regulate their hub as they see fit.
    Leader badge
    Downloads: 1,032 This Week
    Last Update:
    See Project
  • 4
    LAN Messenger

    LAN Messenger

    An intranet chat application that does not require a server.

    LAN Messenger is a p2p chat application for intranet communication and does not require a server. A variety of handy features are supported including notifications, personal and group messaging with encryption, file transfer and message logging.
    Leader badge
    Downloads: 878 This Week
    Last Update:
    See Project
  • Bright Data - All in One Platform for Proxies and Web Scraping Icon
    Bright Data - All in One Platform for Proxies and Web Scraping

    Say goodbye to blocks, restrictions, and CAPTCHAs

    Bright Data offers the highest quality proxies with automated session management, IP rotation, and advanced web unlocking technology. Enjoy reliable, fast performance with easy integration, a user-friendly dashboard, and enterprise-grade scaling. Powered by ethically-sourced residential IPs for seamless web scraping.
    Get Started
  • 5
    FetLife for Android

    FetLife for Android

    The FetLife App on Android

    This is the FetLife open source application made for Android. FetLife is the app for Kinksters who want to chat with fellow Kinksters, find out where the nearest FetLife events are happening, view other members’ profiles, and many other kinky things. With FetLife on Android, it’s easier than ever to access all the things you love about FetLife. Get notified on your Android phone so you stay on top of conversations and discussions, and discover the latest events on the app’s map. Want to be discreet? No problem, as the FetLife app comes with discreet mode so you can use the app freely without worries.
    Downloads: 147 This Week
    Last Update:
    See Project
  • 6
    gSOAP Toolkit

    gSOAP Toolkit

    Development toolkit for Web Services and XML data bindings for C & C++

    The gSOAP toolkit is an extensive suite of portable C and C++ software to develop XML Web services with powerful type-safe XML data bindings. Easy-to-use code-generator tools allow you to directly integrate XML data in C and C++. Serializes native application data in XML. Includes WSDL/XSD schema binding and auto-coding tools, stub/skeleton compiler, Web server integration with Apache module and IIS extension, high-performance XML processing with schema validation, fast MIME/MTOM streaming, SOAP and REST Web API development, WS-* protocols (WS-Security, WS-Policy, WS-ReliableMessaging, etc), XML-RPC and JSON. Licensed under GPLv2. Visit the developer center with guides, tutorials, and examples at www.genivia.com/dev.html The documentation of the toolkit, libraries, plugins and more is available at www.genivia.com/docs.html Commercial-use licenses and expert technical support services are available at competitive pricing levels, please visit www.genivia.com/products.html
    Leader badge
    Downloads: 509 This Week
    Last Update:
    See Project
  • 7
    Psi+

    Psi+

    Psi+ Project — development branch of Psi XMPP client

    Psi is a cross-platform powerful XMPP client designed for experienced users. Psi+ is a development branch of Psi XMPP client. Project purpose: collection, refinement and writing new patches for transfer them to Psi upstream developers.
    Leader badge
    Downloads: 770 This Week
    Last Update:
    See Project
  • 8
    Psi

    Psi

    Psi IM — Qt-based XMPP client

    Psi is cross-platform powerful XMPP client designed for experienced users. There are builds available for MS Windows, GNU/Linux and macOS.
    Leader badge
    Downloads: 402 This Week
    Last Update:
    See Project
  • 9
    Ares Galaxy

    Ares Galaxy

    A free peer-to-peer (P2P) BitTorrent file sharing client

    Ares Galaxy is a free, open source BitTorrent and chat program that uses its own decentralized supernode/leaf network. Ares Galaxy has a simple, quick access interface with a built in audio/video viewer. Ares allows you to share any digital file including images, audio, video, software, documents, etc. You may now easily publish your files through the Ares’ peer-to-peer (P2P) network. As a member of the virtual community, you can search and download just about any file shared by other users. The latest versions also support the BitTorrent protocol and Shoutcast radio stations.
    Leader badge
    Downloads: 1,276 This Week
    Last Update:
    See Project
  • Manage printing in a cost-efficient and eco-friendly way with Gelato. Icon
    Manage printing in a cost-efficient and eco-friendly way with Gelato.

    Gelato offers an extensive catalog of custom products, a zero-inventory business model, and free designing tools—all in one place.

    The world's largest print on demand network with 140+ production partners across 32 countries. Gelato offers end-to-end design, production and logistics for individuals looking to start their own business today!
    Sign up for Free
  • 10
    phpMyChat

    phpMyChat

    Standalone chat system developed in php, mysql and javascript

    phpMyChat-Plus is an easy-to-install, easy-to-use multi-room PHP/DB chat. It is currently available for MySQLi, MariaDB, PostgreSQL, and ODBC. It supports IRC-like commands, moderators, is available in 24 languages and fully compatible with php7.
    Leader badge
    Downloads: 218 This Week
    Last Update:
    See Project
  • 11
    ArmCord

    ArmCord

    ArmCord is a custom client designed to enhance your Discord experience

    ArmCord is a custom client designed to enhance your Discord experience while keeping everything lightweight. ArmCord is built as a standalone client and doesn't rely on the original Discord client in any way. Enjoy Vencord, Shelter and their many features, or have a more vanilla experience, it's your choice! ArmCord natively supports theming of the entire app, you can easily import BetterDiscord themes and manage them. ArmCord automatically blocks all of Discord's trackers; even without any client mods, you can feel safe and secure! Unlike other clients, ArmCord supports rich presence (game activity) out of the box thanks to arRPC. ArmCord has experimental mobile support for phones running Linux such as the PinePhone. While this is still far from an ideal solution, we're slowly trying to improve it. ArmCord is using a newer build of Electron than the stock Discord app. This means you can have a much more stable and secure experience, along with slightly better performance.
    Downloads: 44 This Week
    Last Update:
    See Project
  • 12
    ApexDC++

    ApexDC++

    The pinnacle of file-sharing and chat - an innovative DC client!

    ApexDC™ is an innovative Direct Connect client based on the DC++ and StrongDC++ projects. Direct Connect provides a rare blend of seamless file sharing and community based chat and messaging between users. ApexDC features plugins and scripting through Lua and much more. Both operators and users alike should find it a pleasant experience. Note: as of May 28th 2016 ApexDC is now primarily distributed as two separate installers one targetting 32bit and the other 64bit operating systems. Additionally XP compatible binaries are now only offered as a separate download from the files section.
    Leader badge
    Downloads: 181 This Week
    Last Update:
    See Project
  • 13
    Miranda IM

    Miranda IM

    A smaller, faster, and easier IM client

    Miranda IM is an open source, multi-protocol instant messaging client designed to be very light on system resources, extremely fast and customizable. A powerful plugin-based architecture make Miranda IM one of the most flexible clients on the planet.
    Leader badge
    Downloads: 269 This Week
    Last Update:
    See Project
  • 14
    Mumble

    Mumble

    Low-latency, high quality voice chat for gamers

    Mumble is an open source, low-latency, high quality voice chat software primarily intended for use while gaming. It includes game linking, so voice from other players comes from the direction of their characters, and has echo cancellation so the sound from your loudspeakers won't be audible to other players.
    Leader badge
    Downloads: 162 This Week
    Last Update:
    See Project
  • 15
    Abaddon

    Abaddon

    An alternative Discord client with voice support made with C++ and GTK

    Alternative Discord client made in C++ with GTK. Abaddon tries its best (though is not perfect) to make Discord think it's a legitimate web client. Some of the things done to do this include: using a browser user agent, sending the same IDENTIFY message that the official web client does, using API v9 endpoints in all cases, and not using endpoints the web client does not normally use. There are still a few smaller inconsistencies, however. For example the web client sends lots of telemetry via the /science endpoint (uBlock origin stops this) as well as in the headers of all requests. Discord likes disabling accounts/forcing them to reset their passwords if they think the user is a spam bot or potentially had their account compromised. While the official client still often gets users caught in the spam filter, third party clients tend to upset the spam filter more often. If you get caught by it, you can usually appeal it and get it restored.
    Downloads: 30 This Week
    Last Update:
    See Project
  • 16
    DiscordBotClient

    DiscordBotClient

    A patched version of discord, with bot login support

    A patched version of Discord, with bot login support. Discord Bot Client allows you to use your bot, just like any other user account, except for Friends and Groups.
    Downloads: 28 This Week
    Last Update:
    See Project
  • 17
    Asterisk GUI client, VICIdial

    Asterisk GUI client, VICIdial

    VICIdial Contact Center Suite

    This software suite is designed to extend the functionality of the Asterisk PBX through platform-independant web-client applications. Includes the VICIdial inbound/outbound contact center application. The suite is scalable across multiple Asterisk servers.
    Leader badge
    Downloads: 118 This Week
    Last Update:
    See Project
  • 18
    ZaDark – Zalo Dark Mode

    ZaDark – Zalo Dark Mode

    Dark Mode tốt nhất cho Zalo

    ZaDark là tiện ích giúp kích hoạt Dark Mode cho Zalo PC và Web. [Điểm nổi bật] - Màu sắc đẹp, độ tương phản tốt - Tuỳ chỉnh giao diện trực tiếp trên Zalo: Sáng, Tối hoặc Hệ thống - Tuỳ chỉnh phông chữ, cỡ chữ - Tuỳ chỉnh hình nền cuộc trò chuyện - Dịch nhanh tin nhắn sang ngôn ngữ tuỳ chỉnh - Chống nhìn trộm tin nhắn - Ẩn trạng thái: Đang soạn tin, Đã nhận và Đã xem - Mã nguồn mở: https://github.com/quaric/zadark [Ghi chú] - ZaDark là sản phẩm từ Quaric, không phải sản phẩm từ Zalo Group - ZaDark không thay đổi bất cứ dữ liệu nào liên quan tài khoản Zalo của bạn - ZaDark chưa bao giờ thu thập và sẽ không bao giờ thu thập bất kỳ dữ liệu cá nhân nào như lịch sử duyệt web, mật khẩu,... --- ZaDark by Quaric Website: https://zadark.com
    Leader badge
    Downloads: 96 This Week
    Last Update:
    See Project
  • 19
    Pandion

    Pandion

    An instant messaging client for XMPP networks

    Pandion is an open source instant messaging client for XMPP networks. Keep in touch with friends or collaborate with colleagues using Pandion instant messenger. Pandion is designed for ease of use and secure communication.
    Leader badge
    Downloads: 110 This Week
    Last Update:
    See Project
  • 20
    StrongDC++
    This project allows connecting, file sharing and chatting in Direct Connect and ADC networks.
    Downloads: 126 This Week
    Last Update:
    See Project
  • 21
    Mattermost Desktop

    Mattermost Desktop

    Mattermost Desktop application for Windows, Mac and Linux

    Mattermost Desktop is a native desktop application for Mattermost, a workplace messaging alternative to Slack. Mattermost Desktop is developed using Electron and runs on Windows, Mac and Linux.
    Downloads: 19 This Week
    Last Update:
    See Project
  • 22
    Caprine

    Caprine

    Elegant Facebook Messenger desktop app

    Caprine is an unofficial and privacy-focused Facebook Messenger app with many useful features. Caprine is feature complete. However, we welcome contributions for improvements and bug fixes. Dark theme, Vibrant theme, privacy-focused, keyboard shortcuts, menu bar mode, work chat support, code blocks, touch bar support, and custom styles. macOS 10.10+, Linux, and Windows 7+ are supported (64-bit only). For taskbar notification badges to work on Windows 10, you'll need to enable them in Taskbar Settings. Convert your messenger to a dark theme. Ability to toggle last seen/typing indicators. Interface adapts to smaller sizes. In-house notifications to keep you up to date. Caprine is a third-party app and is not affiliated with Facebook. You can toggle dark mode in the View menu or with Command d / Control d.
    Downloads: 17 This Week
    Last Update:
    See Project
  • 23
    WhatSie

    WhatSie

    Feature rich WhatsApp Client for Desktop Linux

    Feature-rich WhatsApp web client based on Qt WebEngine for Linux Desktop.
    Downloads: 16 This Week
    Last Update:
    See Project
  • 24
    SimpleX

    SimpleX

    The first messaging platform operating without user identifiers

    Other apps have user IDs: Signal, Matrix, Session, Briar, Jami, Cwtch, etc. SimpleX does not, not even random numbers. This radically improves your privacy. The video shows how you connect to your friend via their 1-time QR-code, in person or via a video link. You can also connect by sharing an invitation link. Temporary anonymous pairwise identifiers SimpleX uses temporary anonymous pairwise addresses and credentials for each user contact or group member. It allows to deliver messages without user profile identifiers, providing better meta-data privacy than alternatives. Many communication platforms are vulnerable to MITM attacks by servers or network providers. To prevent it SimpleX apps pass one-time keys out-of-band when you share an address as a link or a QR code. Double-ratchet protocol. OTR messaging with perfect forward secrecy and break-in recovery. NaCL cryptobox in each queue to prevent traffic correlation between message queues if TLS is compromised.
    Downloads: 15 This Week
    Last Update:
    See Project
  • 25
    Tox

    Tox

    A New Kind of Instant Messaging

    Tox is a peer to peer (serverless) instant messenger that focuses on security and privacy. In today's world where digital surveillance is rampant, Tox offers users a communication software alternative that's free from prying eyes and ears, and is, quite literally free and without advertising. Tox comes with all the great features you'd expect from an instant messenger application, including voice calls, video calls, file sharing and screen sharing. Everything done on Tox is encrypted using open-source libraries so you can be assured of completely private conversations. It also has no central servers that can be raided, shut down, or forced to turn over data. There are no corporate interests, no hidden agendas-- just simple, secure and easy to use messaging.
    Downloads: 14 This Week
    Last Update:
    See Project
  • Previous
  • You're on page 1
  • 2
  • 3
  • 4
  • 5
  • Next

Open Source Chat Software Guide

Open source chat software is a type of communication software that allows users to communicate via text, audio, or video. Open source chat software typically works by connecting two or more computers over the internet and allowing those computers to share messages in real-time. This can be done either one-on-one through private messaging, or it can occur in group chats with multiple participants.

Open source chat software can be divided into three subcategories: instant messaging (IM), voice over IP (VoIP), and web conferencing. IM applications are designed for conversation between two people with very little latency, allowing messages to appear almost instantly without any additional delay in transmission. Voice over IP applications provide an alternative way for users to call each other using their computers as the primary device instead of relying on telephones. Finally, web conferencing allows groups of people to exchange files, share their screens, and even participate in breakout sessions during virtual meetings.

Many open source chat softwares offer encrypted communications which ensure that messages sent across the network remain private and secure from malicious third parties who might attempt to intercept them. Additionally, these programs generally have user friendly interfaces that allow quick access to settings like video/audio quality preferences, file sharing controls, moderators, etc., as well as a wide range of features tailored specifically for business use cases such as data collaboration between multiple offices or support center functions within customer service teams.

The main advantage of open source chat software compared to proprietary services is its flexibility; by being available under an open source license developers are free to customize the application’s code however they choose and modify it according to the evolving needs of their project. This makes them suitable for both large scale professional use cases as well as smaller operations where budget constraints may limit the purchase of expensive enterprise tools. With many products now offering cloud hosting options up front this also eliminates much of maintenance required by on-premise solutions making setup relatively straightforward even for non tech savvy users.

What Features Does Open Source Chat Software Provide?

  • Real-Time Messaging: Open source chat software provides a platform for real-time messaging between users, allowing them to have instantaneous conversations with each other.
  • Secure Encrypted Communication: Chat software offers secure and encrypted communication, ensuring the privacy and security of confidential messages.
  • Group Chats And Conversations: Group chats are available on open source chat software, allowing multiple users to participate in the same conversation at the same time.
  • Customizable Themes: Many open source chat software provide customizable themes that allow users to personalize their experience with custom colors, fonts, and backgrounds.
  • Voice/Video Calls: Some open source chat applications include features for making free voice or video calls from one user to another or from multiple people at once.
  • File Sharing: Users can share files easily through most open source chat software, such as images, videos, documents and other types of data.
  • Emoji Support: Often overlooked but many open source platforms integrate emoji support so you can express yourself quickly without having to type out an entire sentence.

Different Types of Open Source Chat Software

  • Instant Messaging Software: This type of open source chat software allows for real-time, direct messaging between two or more people. It typically comes with the ability to create custom emoticons, stickers, and other graphical options to make conversations more expressive.
  • Internet Relay Chat (IRC): IRC is an open source chat protocol that enables users to communicate in a text-based environment over the internet. In addition to basic chatting features, it can also support numerous additional functions such as file sharing and group chatting.
  • Web Conferencing Software: These types of open source chat software allow participants in different locations around the world to connect via video and audio streaming technology. These applications are popularly used in remote working environments where individuals need a secure connection for collaborating online on projects or providing support services.
  • Voice Over IP (VoIP) Solutions: These solutions enable users to make phone or video calls over the internet instead of using traditional telephone lines. VoIP solutions are typically used by businesses that require cost effective ways of communicating without having to purchase pricey hardware equipment or pay excessive monthly fees associated with conventional telephone lines.
  • Collaboration Platforms: These platforms incorporate multiple communication technologies into a single platform, such as text chats, voice conferencing, screen sharing capabilities, document sharing and editing functions, etc., thereby enabling distributed teams to collaborate more effectively and efficiently on projects together regardless of their physical location in real-time.

What Are the Advantages Provided by Open Source Chat Software?

  1. Cost Savings: Open source chat software provides cost savings to organizations by allowing them to use freely-available programs instead of purchasing costly proprietary software. By leveraging open source chat, businesses can save money on intial installation and licensing fees, as well as ongoing maintenance costs.
  2. User Customization: The code behind most open source chat software is available for modification and customization, which allows users to tailor the program to their specific needs. This gives users a level of control over the software that would be impossible with standard closed-source programs.
  3. Security: Many open source chat applications are backed by large communities of users actively developing security patches and updating the codebase regularly, making them more secure than traditional closed-source solutions.
  4. Cross Platform Support: Most open source chat programs offer cross platform support for multiple operating systems, ensuring compatibility with a range of devices and platforms. This makes it easier for teams to collaborate without having to install multiple pieces of proprietary software.
  5. Reliability: As an added bonus, many open source programs are more reliable than their commercial counterparts due to regular updates from developers that ensure optimal performance over time.

Who Uses Open Source Chat Software?

  • Professionals: Business users or individuals who use chat software for work purposes, such as collaborating with colleagues, customers, and suppliers.
  • Casual Users: People who use chat software for casual conversations between friends or family members.
  • Gamers: Players of online video games that require communication amongst other players in order to achieve objectives within the game.
  • Programmers/Developers: People who develop and maintain open source chat software as part of their job or hobby.
  • Beneficiaries: Non-profit organizations that promote the usage of open source chat software in order to benefit their cause and spread awareness.
  • Educators: Teachers, lecturers and instructors who utilize open source chat software as a way to help educate students over long distances either virtually or actually present in the same classroom.
  • Researchers & Scientists: Those using the chat technology for conducting research activities and communicating results amongst themselves or to external audiences such as funding bodies or industry partners.
  • Specialized Interest Groups: Individuals from specific niches that are looking for a particular type of discussion on a topic they find interesting, such as politics, art, sports etc., which would normally not be available through traditional channels like forums etc.

How Much Does Open Source Chat Software Cost?

Open source chat software is typically free to use. This type of software is freely available and open-source, meaning anyone can use it or customize it to fit their needs. It often comes with a variety of features such as user management, file sharing, video conferencing, and more - all without having to pay any upfront costs. While implementing this kind of software does require an initial setup cost (such as hosting expense), it doesn't require you to pay for licenses or incur any other significant costs that could be associated with paid versions. Ultimately, the total cost of using open source chat software will depend on your specific requirements and how much customization you need for the project.

What Does Open Source Chat Software Integrate With?

Open source chat software can integrate with a variety of types of software. For example, it can be used in conjunction with an account authentication service, such as LDAP or Active Directory, to provide users with single sign-on access. It could also be integrated with customer relationship management (CRM) software, allowing for easy contact management and efficient communications between customer support staff and customers. Additionally, open source chat software can be integrated into project management tools, enabling project teams to collaborate easily across various organizational levels. Finally, open source chat software is often utilized in combination with unified communications and collaboration platforms to provide employees with quick and convenient communication capabilities.

What Are the Trends Relating to Open Source Chat Software?

  1. Increased Popularity: Open source chat software is becoming increasingly popular, as it is an easy way to communicate with colleagues, clients, and customers and can be a cost-effective alternative to traditional communication methods.
  2. Increased Functionality: The functionality of open source chat software has grown significantly, from basic text messaging to more complex features such as video conferencing and file sharing.
  3. Improved Security: Open source chat software offers improved security measures such as encryption protocols, which allow for secure communication between users.
  4. Increased Customizability: Open source chat software has become more customizable, allowing users to customize the look and feel of the application to their preferences.
  5. Greater Connectivity: Open source chat software has better cross-platform compatibility, allowing users to access the application from any device with an internet connection.
  6. Growing Market Share: As open source chat software gains popularity, its market share continues to grow, making it a viable alternative to traditional communication solutions.

Getting Started With Open Source Chat Software

Getting started with using open source chat software is simple and easy. To begin, users should first look up what types of programs are available, as there are a variety of options such as Slack, Rocket.Chat, and Mattermost. Each of these programs provide different capabilities and features so users should select the one that best meets their needs.

Once they have selected their preferred program, users should visit the corresponding website to download their chosen software package. The installation process varies by program but typically involves running an executable file or manually setting up configuration files if installing on a server system. After the installation has been completed, users just need to create an account and configure settings for how they want their chat room functionality to work - for example setting up channels for different topics or inviting colleagues or friends to join the conversation. These settings can be updated in the future as user needs change over time.

After all these steps are finished users will be ready to start chatting. Depending on what platform has been chosen there may also be additional features available such as integration with other applications like Gmail or calendar services which allow greater collaboration between teams and making it easier for them to stay connected in real-time. Using open source chat software offers many benefits including cost savings compared to proprietary solutions and giving users more control over security configurations thanks to its open source nature. With all this taken into consideration, it's no wonder why so many people turn towards open source chat solutions when looking for tools that enable communication within their organization or personal network.