pgfplots under luatex loads luatexbase with a comment
% I need \newcatcodetable
\RequirePackage{luatexbase}%
However \newcatcodetable has been defined in the format since 2015 releases, luatexbase is a compatibility package which defines a lot of additional things that are not really recommended in the current latex.
This has come up again on stackexchange
The issue here is that luatexbase and cleveref are defining \@gobble@optarg in incompatible ways.
I could change luatexbase to call its internal command something else but since the only reason for this package is compatibility with old use, there is a temptation not to change much there..But more generally it would be better if pgfplots didn't load it even if I change luatexbase to fix this issue.
If you want a cross-format file that defines \newcatcodetable as in latex for plain tex or old latex you could use ltluatex.tex
Or simply only RequirePackage{luatexbase} if \newcatcodetable is not defined.
Marked as a "bug", although it's more a "feature request" or perhaps a "sorry we moved the goalposts":-)
David
Thanks for the detailed report!
I have modified the code such that it loads luatexbase if and only if \newcatcodetable is undefined.