I updated the patch: now all events except "add" and "bind" (this seems necessary for new kernels) are skipped. With the patch "/dev/libmtp-*" is successfully created on Gentoo with both 4.14 and 4.18 kernels, so the device rules are not skipped anymore. The issue can always be reproduced without the patch.
69-libmtp.rules: skipping of udev libmtp usb rules