The filesystem of the volume still works in both macOS 14 and windows, so it's not corrupted. For some reason it is not recognized in OS 15. I know a fix is to create a new volume in OS 15 and copy the contents from the old one, but this doesn't seem like a sustainable fix when having too many old volumes.
Both macFUSE 4.8 and Fuse-T with veracrypt 1.2614 has the mounting error "hdutil: attach failed - no mountable file systems" on a M1 machine with OS 15 Sequoia