cascade_scan

Signal transduction plays an essential role in response to environment changes. This biological process is usually characterized by phosphorylation/dephosphorylation of some key proteins (e.g. kinases) and generally involves in a signal cascade. The signal transduction process often starts from a membrane protein (usually a membrane surface receptor), comes by a series of intercellular signaling proteins and then transfers to transcription factors in nucleolus, and subsequently raises the expression of downstream genes.