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[X10-commits] SF.net SVN: x10:[14323] trunk/x10.man/v2.0
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From: <ba...@us...> - 2010-05-28 21:08:25
|
Revision: 14323
http://x10.svn.sourceforge.net/x10/?rev=14323&view=rev
Author: bardb
Date: 2010-05-28 21:08:16 +0000 (Fri, 28 May 2010)
Log Message:
-----------
Frumping through Function types
Modified Paths:
--------------
trunk/x10.man/v2.0/Functions2.tex
trunk/x10.man/v2.0/Types.tex
trunk/x10.man/v2.0/x10.pdf
Modified: trunk/x10.man/v2.0/Functions2.tex
===================================================================
--- trunk/x10.man/v2.0/Functions2.tex 2010-05-28 21:03:16 UTC (rev 14322)
+++ trunk/x10.man/v2.0/Functions2.tex 2010-05-28 21:08:16 UTC (rev 14323)
@@ -6,22 +6,46 @@
\section{Overview}
Functions, the last of the three kinds of values in X10, encapsulate pieces of
-code which can be applied to a vector of arguments to produce a value.
-Functions, when applied, can do anything that any other code could do: fail to
-terminate, throw an exception, modify variables, spawn activities, execute in
-several places, and so on. X10 functions are not mathematical functions: the
-\xcd`f(1)` may return \xcd`true` on one call and \xcd`false` on an immediately
-following call.
+code which can be applied to a vector of arguments to produce a value.
+Functions, when applied, can do nearly anything that any other code could do:
+fail to terminate, throw an exception, modify variables, spawn activities,
+execute in several places, and so on. X10 functions are not mathematical
+functions: the \xcd`f(1)` may return \xcd`true` on one call and \xcd`false` on
+an immediately following call.
It is a limitation of \XtenCurrVer{} that functions do not support
type arguments. This limitation may be removed in future versions of
the language.
A \emph{function literal} \xcd"(x1:T1,..,xn:Tn){c}:T=>e" creates a function of
-type\\ \xcd"(x1:T1,...,xn:Tn){c}=>T" (\Sref{FunctionType}). The body \Xcd{e}
-of such an expression is type-checked in an environment in which \Xcd{c} is
-true.
+type\\ \xcd"(x1:T1,...,xn:Tn){c}=>T" (\Sref{FunctionType}). For example,
+\xcd`(x:Int) => x*x` is a function literal describing the squaring function on
+integers.
+
+The function body may be a block. To compute integer squares by repeated
+addition (inefficiently), one may write:
+%~~gen
+% package Functions.Are.For.Spunctions;
+% class Examplllll {
+% static
+%~~vis
+\begin{xten}
+val sq: (Int) => Int
+ = (n:Int) => {
+ var s : Int = 0;
+ val abs_n = n < 0 ? -n : n;
+ for ((i) in 1..abs_n) s += abs_n;
+ s
+ };
+\end{xten}
+%~~siv
+%}
+%~~neg
+
+
+
+
A function literal evaluates to a function entity {$\phi$}. When {$\phi$} is
applied to a suitable list of actual parameters \xcd`a1`-\xcd`an`, it
evaluates \xcd`e` with the formal parameters bound to the actual parameters.
@@ -71,16 +95,16 @@
%~~siv
%}}
%~~neg
+\noindent
+This doesn't quite work if the body is a statement rather than an expression.
+A few language features are forbidden (\xcd`break` or \xcd`continue` of a loop
+that surrounds the function literal) or mean something different (\xcd`return`
+inside a function returns from the function).
-%FUNCY% At runtime,
-%FUNCY% function execution results in the evaluation of \Xcd{e} in an
-%FUNCY% environment in which each formal is bound to the given actual
-%FUNCY% parameter.
-
The \emph{method selector expression} \Xcd{e.m.(x1:T1,...,xn:Tn)} (\Sref{MethodSelectors})
permits the specification of the function underlying
the method \Xcd{m}, which takes arguments of type \Xcd{(x1:T1,..., xn:Tn)}.
@@ -132,12 +156,15 @@
same syntax as a method body; it may be either an expression, a block
of statements, or a block terminated by an expression to return. In
particular, a value may be returned from the body of the function
-using a return statement (\Sref{ReturnStatement}). The type of a
+using a return statement (\Sref{ReturnStatement}).
+
+The type of a
function is a function type (\Sref{FunctionType}). In some cases the
return type \Xcd{T} is also optional and defaults to the type of the
body. If a formal \Xcd{xi} does not occur in any
-\Xcd{Tj},\Xcd{c},\Xcd{T} or \Xcd{e}, the declaration \Xcd{xi:Ti} may
-be replaced by just \Xcd{Ti}.
+\Xcd{Tj}, \Xcd{c}, \Xcd{T} or \Xcd{e}, the declaration \Xcd{xi:Ti} may
+be replaced by just \Xcd{Ti}: \xcd`(Int)=>7` is the integer function returning
+7 for all inputs.
\label{ClosureGuard}
@@ -154,7 +181,11 @@
have a terminating expression.
If the return type is omitted, it is inferred, as described in
\Sref{TypeInference}.
-It is a static error if the return type cannot be inferred.
+It is a static error if the return type cannot be inferred. \Eg,
+\xcd`(Int)=>null` is not well-defined; X10 does not know which type of
+\xcd`null` is intended.
+%~~exp~~`~~`~~ ~~
+But \xcd`(Int):Rail[Double] => null` is legal.
\begin{example}
@@ -165,16 +196,19 @@
%~~gen
% package functions2.oh.no;
% import x10.util.*;
+% class Finder {
+% static
%~~vis
\begin{xten}
-class Finder {
-static def find[T](f: (T) => Boolean, xs: List[T], absent:T): T = {
+
+def find[T](f: (T) => Boolean, xs: List[T], absent:T): T = {
for (x: T in xs)
if (f(x)) return x;
absent
- }}
+ }
\end{xten}
%~~siv
+% }
%~~neg
The method may be invoked thus:
@@ -256,14 +290,13 @@
valid for those variables. \xcd`shared var`s are heap-allocated, which is less
efficient but allows them to exist after \xcd`m` returns.
-\begin{note}
+
\xcd`shared` does not guarantee {\bf atomic} access to the shared variable. As
with any code that might mutate shared data concurrently, be sure to protect
references to mutable shared state with \xcd`atomic`. For example, the
following code returns a pair of closures which operate on the same shared
variable \xcd`a`, which are concurrency-safe---even if invoked many times
simultaneously. Without \xcd`atomic`, it would no longer be concurrency-safe.
-\end{note}
%~~gen
@@ -300,14 +333,45 @@
%or anonymous classes.
%\end{note}
-\section{Methods selectors}
+\section{Method selectors}
\label{MethodSelectors}
\index{function!method selector}
\index{method!underlying function}
A method selector expression allows a method to be used as a
-first-class function.
+first-class function, without writing a function expression for it.
+For example, consider a class \xcd`Span` defining ranges of integers.
+%~~gen
+% package Functions2.Span;
+%~~vis
+\begin{xten}
+class Span(low:Int, high:Int) {
+ def this(low:Int, high:Int) {property(low,high);}
+ def between(n:Int) = low <= n && n <= high;
+ def example() {
+ val digit = new Span(0,9);
+ val isDigit : (Int) => Boolean = digit.between.(Int);
+ if (isDigit(8)) x10.io.Console.OUT.println("8 is!");
+ }
+}
+\end{xten}
+%~~siv
+%
+%~~neg
+\noindent
+
+
+In \xcd`example()`,
+%~~exp~~`~~`~~ digit:Span!~~class Span(low:Int, high:Int) {def this(low:Int, high:Int) {property(low,high);} def between(n:Int) = low <= n && n <= high;}
+\xcd`digit.between.(Int)`
+is a unary function testing whether its argument is between zero
+and nine. It could also be written
+%~~exp~~`~~`~~ digit:Span!~~class Span(low:Int, high:Int) {def this(low:Int, high:Int) {property(low,high);} def between(n:Int) = low <= n && n <= high;}
+\xcd`(n:Int) => digit.between(n)`.
+
+This is formalized thus:
+
\begin{grammar}
MethodSelector \:
Primary \xcd"."
@@ -320,8 +384,8 @@
\end{grammar}
The \emph{method selector expression} \Xcd{e.m.(T1,...,Tn)} is type
-correct only if it is the case that the static type of \Xcd{e} is a
-class or struct or interface with a method
+correct only if the static type of \Xcd{e} is a
+class or struct or interface \xcd`V` with a method
\Xcd{m(x1:T1,...xn:Tn)\{c\}:T} defined on it (for some
\Xcd{x1,...,xn,c,T)}. At runtime the evaluation of this expression
evaluates \Xcd{e} to a value \Xcd{v} and creates a function \Xcd{f}
@@ -335,12 +399,16 @@
\end{xtenmath}
\noindent behaves as if it were the function
\begin{xtenmath}
-((v:T)=>
- [X$_1$, $\dots$, X$_m$](x$_1$: T$_1$, $\dots$, x$_n$: T$_n$) => v.m[X$_1$, $\dots$, X$_m$](x$_1$, $\dots$, x$_n$))
+((v:V)=>
+ [X$_1$, $\dots$, X$_m$](x$_1$: T$_1$, $\dots$, x$_n$: T$_n$){c}
+ => v.m[X$_1$, $\dots$, X$_m$](x$_1$, $\dots$, x$_n$))
(e)
\end{xtenmath}
-\begin{note}
+
+\limitation{X10 functions, including method selectors, do not currently accept
+generic arguments.}
+
Because of overloading, a method name is not sufficient to
uniquely identify a function for a given class (in Java-like languages).
One needs the argument type information as well.
@@ -348,7 +416,6 @@
method invocation on \xcd"e" of method named \xcd"m" with no arguments)
from \xcd"e.m.()"
(the function bound to the method).
-\end{note}
A static method provides a binding from a name to a function that is
independent of any instance of a class; rather it is associated with the
@@ -362,15 +429,7 @@
directly (using the function syntax), or obtained via (static or
instance) function selectors.
-\begin{note}
-Design note: The function selector syntax is consistent with the
-reinterpretation of the usual method invocation syntax
-\xcdmath"e.m(e$_1$,..., e$_n$)"
-into a function specifier, \xcd"e.m", applied to a tuple of arguments
-\xcdmath"(e$_1$,..., e$_n$)". Note that the receiver is not
-treated as ``an extra argument'' to the
-function. That would break the above approach.
-\end{note}
+%%BARD-HERE
\section{Operator functions}
\label{OperatorFunction}
Modified: trunk/x10.man/v2.0/Types.tex
===================================================================
--- trunk/x10.man/v2.0/Types.tex 2010-05-28 21:03:16 UTC (rev 14322)
+++ trunk/x10.man/v2.0/Types.tex 2010-05-28 21:08:16 UTC (rev 14323)
@@ -76,7 +76,7 @@
\| ConstrainedType \\
FunctionType \: TypeParameters\opt \xcd"(" Formals\opt \xcd")"
-Constraint\opt Throws\opt \xcd"=>" Type \\
+Constraint\opt Throws\opt \xcd"=>" TypeOrVoid \\
TypeParameters \: \xcd"[" TypeParameter ( \xcd"," TypeParameter )\star \xcd"]" \\
TypeParameter \: Identifier \\
Throws \: \xcd"throws" TypeName ( \xcd"," TypeName )\star \\
@@ -88,7 +88,8 @@
\| InterfaceBaseType \\
\| PathType \\
\| \xcd"(" Type \xcd")" \\
-
+TypeOrVoid \: Type \\
+ \| \xcd`Void`\\
ClassType \: Annotation\star ClassBaseType Constraint\opt
PlaceConstraint\opt \\
InterfaceType \: Annotation\star InterfaceBaseType Constraint\opt
Modified: trunk/x10.man/v2.0/x10.pdf
===================================================================
--- trunk/x10.man/v2.0/x10.pdf 2010-05-28 21:03:16 UTC (rev 14322)
+++ trunk/x10.man/v2.0/x10.pdf 2010-05-28 21:08:16 UTC (rev 14323)
@@ -556,7 +556,7 @@
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@@ -574,721 +574,709 @@
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