Thread: [Indic-computing-devel] [review-request] Indic computing handbook: devanagari
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From: Alok K. <alo...@so...> - 2003-07-06 16:34:01
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Hi, http://www.geocities.com/alkuma/devanagari/en/index.html is supposed to contain material that is suitable for http://indic-computing.sourceforge.net/handbook/script-devanagari.html ie the devanagari script section for the Indic computing handbook. This is the first draft and very very rough.=20 Requesting a review of the content before it is submitted to the = committers. Particularly, please comment on 1. Missing characters 2. Missing combinations 3. Factual errors 4. Locations from where more information can be obtained (they need not = be online) 5. Information which you think should be available but is not there. I would be working on this on weekends, so hope to have enough stuff to = work on in the next five days thanks to your comments. It may be a little premature even to request a review, but I just want = to ensure we're going in the right direction. All review comments would be acknowledged. Thanks in advance. Regards Alok --=20 =E0=A4=86=E0=A4=B2=E0=A5=8B=E0=A4=95 = =E0=A4=95=E0=A5=81=E0=A4=AE=E0=A4=BE=E0=A4=B0 +91-80-653-8200 http://geocities.com/alkuma/seehindi.html http://9211.blogspot.com |
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From: <a_j...@ya...> - 2003-07-08 01:25:12
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> http://www.geocities.com/alkuma/devanagari/en/index.html A nice start. > This is the first draft and very very rough. Sure. > Upto 3 consonants we have; 20+37x20+37x37x20+37x37x37x20 Not all of these consonant combinations would be in use though ... > Devanagari uses decimal digits viz 0 thru 9 I thought the "hindi" numerals had a different shape from the "Roman" 0..9 ? > [Add sound file for pronunciation] I initially thought about adding IPA symbols (international phonetic alphabet) against each indic character displayed in the handbook. However, on reflection, I came to the conclusion that this would be (a) misleading: because pronounciation varies widely even among 'native' speakers and (b) also probably unnecessary -- the way humans pronounce a given word or character is not relevant to a computer handling text. ===== Joseph Koshy, FreeBSD Developer, http://people.freebsd.org/~jkoshy/ Founder/Manager/Programmer/Peon, The Indic-Computing Project http://indic-computing.sf.net ________________________________________________________________________ Send free SMS using the Yahoo! Messenger. Go to http://in.mobile.yahoo.com/new/pc/ |
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From: Alok K. <alo...@so...> - 2003-07-08 14:42:47
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> > > http://www.geocities.com/alkuma/devanagari/en/index.html > > > Upto 3 consonants we have; 20+37x20+37x37x20+37x37x37x20 > > Not all of these consonant combinations would be in use > though ... That's correct. Will try to give example words for the ones that are actually used, for as many conjuncts as possible. > > > Devanagari uses decimal digits viz 0 thru 9 > > I thought the "hindi" numerals had a different shape from > the "Roman" 0..9 ? Right, that's true. I was planning to add gif images for them. At the same time, for official(ie government) use, the roman numerals are used. I added a bunch of images for the consonants yesterday, they are hand drawn and look ugly. Is there any other option? Font glyphs may be copy protected. So if anybody is interested in granting permission to use their font glyphs for the handbook, please let us know. Even then, a font would normally have one form of a character's glyph, so we might need to use glyphs from many fonts to replace the hand drawn ones. Gradually the hand drawn graphemes should get replaced by machine generated ones. Thanks for the comments, more awaited. Regards Alok |
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From: Suryaprakash K. <kom...@ce...> - 2003-07-14 12:45:03
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Hello, > I added a bunch of images for the consonants yesterday, they are hand drawn > and look ugly. > Is there any other option? Font glyphs may be copy protected. So if anybody There should be some OSC/GNU based fonts out there - or there are other fonts like CODE2000/1 http://home.att.net/~jameskass/ which are available for very nominal rates, and sometimes, only permission from the authors. - Surya > is interested in granting permission to use their font glyphs for the > handbook, please let us know. > Even then, a font would normally have one form of a character's glyph, so we > might need to use glyphs from many fonts to replace the hand drawn ones. > Gradually the hand drawn graphemes should get replaced by machine generated > ones. |
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From: <a_j...@ya...> - 2003-07-08 01:27:43
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> http://www.geocities.com/alkuma/devanagari/en/index.html A nice start. > This is the first draft and very very rough. Sure. > Upto 3 consonants we have; 20+37x20+37x37x20+37x37x37x20 Not all of these consonant combinations would be in use though ... > Devanagari uses decimal digits viz 0 thru 9 I was under the impression that the "hindi" numerals were distinct from the "Roman" digits 0..9 ? Maybe we can distinguish between "common use" and the "canonical" forms. > [Add sound file for pronunciation] I initially thought about adding IPA symbols (international phonetic alphabet) against each indic character displayed in the handbook. However, on reflection, I came to the conclusion that this would be (a) misleading: because pronounciation varies widely even among 'native' speakers and (b) also probably unnecessary -- the way humans pronounce a given word or character is not relevant to a computer handling text. ===== Joseph Koshy, FreeBSD Developer, http://people.freebsd.org/~jkoshy/ Founder/Manager/Programmer/Peon, The Indic-Computing Project http://indic-computing.sf.net ________________________________________________________________________ Send free SMS using the Yahoo! Messenger. Go to http://in.mobile.yahoo.com/new/pc/ |
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From: Krishnamurthy N. <kn...@ya...> - 2003-07-09 09:27:11
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reposting some of my comments to
indic-computing-devel:
> Nature of script
> ================
> Syllabic, though some words are now pronounced > >
differently from the way they are
Well, do we say it is 'phonetic' or syllabic ? I
thought it's called phonetic. Anyway, it's the users
of
the script (for various languages such as Hindi,
Marathi and so on) who have been deciding the
'pronunciation' of the syllables.
About 'phonetic' representation of letters of the
script : though there is no 'standard' to express
Indian languages/scripts in Roman phonetic script,
several developers/apps have been following some
'unwritten' standards (itrans, varamozhi, baraha etc
etc). Just check out those and attempt to synch up
with sync up with the current 'unwritten' stds (like
giving alternate representations).
What is vowel #8 (ee) ? It's just after 'e', so I am
assuming it's the elongated version of 'e', but I am
not sure if it exists in the languages that use
Devanagari (AFAIK, only South Indian languages have
it). Same Q with vowel #10 ('oo'). Actually 'oo' is a
nice representation for the elongated version of 'u'
(like in moong dal). Can't understand vowels 11 and
12.
Several consonants (mostly represented by the original
consonant with a 'dot' below) have been added for
Urdu. Pls mention them.
Consonant list - 'ksha', 'tra' and 'Gna' are missing
(actually I prefer the Roman phonetic equivalent
'thra' instead of 'tra').
Pls mention that 'mathras' - that is half-consonants -
are graphically 'partial' consonants and they add on
before/below the 'base' consonant to generate
'samyukthaaksharas'.
Conjuncts with multiple combinations (C*V) - you have
shown theoritical possibilities, but just about a few
thousands are practically legal/valid. Would be better
to mention it.
Specials - in addition to anuswar, I think visarg
(like the ':' symbol) needs to be mentioned.
Double vertical bar - one of the vedic specials (e.g
used at the end of a shlok)
Will get back if I have more comments
Nagarajan
--- Alok Kumar <alo...@so...> wrote:
> Hi,
>
>
http://www.geocities.com/alkuma/devanagari/en/index.html
> is supposed to contain material that is suitable for
>
http://indic-computing.sourceforge.net/handbook/script-devanagari.html
> ie the devanagari script section for the Indic
> computing handbook.
__________________________________
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SBC Yahoo! DSL - Now only $29.95 per month!
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From: Dr. U.B. P. <pav...@vi...> - 2003-07-11 05:14:22
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> > Devanagari uses decimal digits viz 0 thru 9 > > I thought the "hindi" numerals had a different shape from > the "Roman" 0..9 ? Yes. Devanagari has its own numerals. They are given place in Unicode chart. >> [Add sound file for pronunciation] > > I initially thought about adding IPA symbols (international > phonetic alphabet) against each indic character displayed in > the handbook. However, on reflection, I came to the conclusion > that this would be (a) misleading: because pronounciation > varies widely even among 'native' speakers and (b) also probably > unnecessary -- the way humans pronounce a given word or > character is not relevant to a computer handling text. I also agree with this. -Pavanaja ----------------------------------------------------- Dr. U.B. Pavanaja Editor, Vishva Kannada World's first Internet magazine in Kannada http://www.vishvakannada.com/ Note: I don't worry about pselling mixtakes |
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From: Dr. U.B. P. <pav...@vi...> - 2003-07-11 05:14:43
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> About 'phonetic' representation of letters of the
> script : though there is no 'standard' to express
> Indian languages/scripts in Roman phonetic script,
> several developers/apps have been following some
> 'unwritten' standards (itrans, varamozhi, baraha etc
> etc). Just check out those and attempt to synch up
> with sync up with the current 'unwritten' stds (like
> giving alternate representations).
There is a representation available at TDIL web-site. I am not
sure whether they have notified it and made it a national
standard (BIS) like ISCII.
> What is vowel #8 (ee) ? It's just after 'e', so I am
> assuming it's the elongated version of 'e', but I am
> not sure if it exists in the languages that use
> Devanagari (AFAIK, only South Indian languages have
> it). Same Q with vowel #10 ('oo'). Actually 'oo' is a
> nice representation for the elongated version of 'u'
> (like in moong dal). Can't understand vowels 11 and
> 12.
Yes. These are mostly used by South-Indian languages.
> Several consonants (mostly represented by the original
> consonant with a 'dot' below) have been added for
> Urdu. Pls mention them.
They are called Nukta variants. Unicode chart for Devanagari
lists them as separate characters. In the latest Unicode for
Kannada, Nukta has been addded. In case of Kannada Nukta is a
separate character and not every Nukta variant of consonants
have been mentioned as done in Devanagari (this is appropriate).
Probably their idea is to give them separate position
(Deavanagari) in the collation chart, which makes sense.
> Consonant list - 'ksha', 'tra' and 'Gna' are missing
> (actually I prefer the Roman phonetic equivalent
> 'thra' instead of 'tra').
They are actually combinations. You can get their independent
display forms by using the GSUB rule of opentype font (the
lookup Akhand).
> Pls mention that 'mathras' - that is half-consonants -
> are graphically 'partial' consonants and they add on
> before/below the 'base' consonant to generate
> 'samyukthaaksharas'.
"matras" actually refer to "vowel signs" and not "half-
consonants".
There is no place for half-consonants in Unicode chart as it is
for the opentype font to take care of these extra glyphs needed.
> Conjuncts with multiple combinations (C*V) - you have
> shown theoritical possibilities, but just about a few
> thousands are practically legal/valid. Would be better
> to mention it.
The total number of possible combinations of V,C,CV,CCV, etc.
exceeds 15,000!
> Specials - in addition to anuswar, I think visarg
> (like the ':' symbol) needs to be mentioned.
Also chandrabindu (0901).
> Double vertical bar - one of the vedic specials (e.g
> used at the end of a shlok)
Its Unicode value is 0965.
In general, better to look at Unicode chart and see whether all
of them are covered.
Rgds,
Pavanaja
-----------------------------------------------------
Dr. U.B. Pavanaja
Editor, Vishva Kannada
World's first Internet magazine in Kannada
http://www.vishvakannada.com/
Note: I don't worry about pselling mixtakes
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From: Krishnamurthy N. <kn...@ya...> - 2003-07-11 07:13:30
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--- "Dr. U.B. Pavanaja" <pav...@vi...> wrote: > > > Consonant list - 'ksha', 'tra' and 'Gna' are > missing > > (actually I prefer the Roman phonetic equivalent > > 'thra' instead of 'tra'). > > They are actually combinations. You can get their > independent > display forms by using the GSUB rule of opentype > font (the > lookup Akhand). Well, one may 'combine' glyphs to create 'ksha' but it stands on its own as a consonant (it has its own 'gunintha' in Kannada and Telugu and Hindi) and its pronunciation can't be systhesised from say 'ka' and 'sha'. So, it has to be a separate consonant. For historical reasons, one should include all the letters of the script (so, better to include thra and Gna). > > "matras" actually refer to "vowel signs" and not > "half-consonants". ok. > > In general, better to look at Unicode chart and see > whether all of them are covered. Instead, it's better to refer to standard text books on the scripts/languages in question. Nagarajan __________________________________ Do you Yahoo!? SBC Yahoo! DSL - Now only $29.95 per month! http://sbc.yahoo.com |
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From: Jyotirmoy S. <jyo...@ya...> - 2003-07-11 08:17:34
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--- Krishnamurthy Nagarajan <kn...@ya...> wrote: > > --- "Dr. U.B. Pavanaja" <pav...@vi...> > wrote: > > > > > > Consonant list - 'ksha', 'tra' and 'Gna' are > > missing > > > (actually I prefer the Roman phonetic equivalent > > > 'thra' instead of 'tra'). > > > > They are actually combinations. You can get their > > independent > > display forms by using the GSUB rule of opentype > > font (the > > lookup Akhand). > > Well, one may 'combine' glyphs to create 'ksha' but > it > stands on its own as a consonant (it has its own > 'gunintha' in Kannada and Telugu and Hindi) and its > pronunciation can't be systhesised from say 'ka' and > 'sha'. So, it has to be a separate consonant. For > historical reasons, one should include all the > letters > of the script (so, better to include thra and Gna). Ksha, Tra, Gna's are not consonants. These are conjuncts, consisting of two (or more) consonants with a HALANT in between. The general rule for combination of two consonants is this: CONSONANT_1 HALANT CONSONANT_2 -> HALF_CONSONANT_1 CONSONANT_2 The right hand-side is a composite character. Conjunts like Ksha, Tra, Jna etc are special cases of these composite characters,or, you can say that the conjunts are some exceptions, wherein the consituents consonants merge to form a totally new shape(glyph). Character codes like ISCII, Unicode etc shouldn't bother about these conjuncts. It's the particular open type font which should take care of these. If the open-type font is unavailable, we need a converter to translate the character codes to the glyphs codes. Jyotirmoy __________________________________ Do you Yahoo!? SBC Yahoo! DSL - Now only $29.95 per month! http://sbc.yahoo.com |
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From: Krishnamurthy N. <kn...@ya...> - 2003-07-11 09:55:06
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--- Jyotirmoy Saikia <jyo...@ya...> wrote: > Ksha, Tra, Gna's are not consonants. These are > conjuncts, consisting of two (or more) consonants > with a HALANT in between. Tra is a conjunct, Gna is probably a conjunct but Ksha is not. Yes, I do know how consonants are combined in Indian languages (having been familiar with Hindi and three south Indian languages). You could download my translib from sourceforge CVS tree (indic-computing project) and check out whether my understanding is correct or not. The point is, Ksha, Tra (or thra) and Gna have been histtorically included as distinct consonants in the script. It's worth documenting that fact in the handbook. Nagarajan __________________________________ Do you Yahoo!? SBC Yahoo! DSL - Now only $29.95 per month! http://sbc.yahoo.com |
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From: <alo...@so...> - 2003-07-11 08:06:18
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Krishnamurthy Nagarajan writes: > > Well, one may 'combine' glyphs to create 'ksha' but it > stands on its own as a consonant (it has its own > 'gunintha' in Kannada and Telugu and Hindi) and its What's a gunintha? > pronunciation can't be systhesised from say 'ka' and > 'sha'. So, it has to be a separate consonant. For Actually, it can be. The same goes for thra/tra and gya/jna/gna. Lexically there is absolutely no difference between half ka + shha and the ksha we are talking about. We've all been studying the three as separate characters in school, but they are not basic consonants, but conjuncts ie sanyuktakshars. |
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From: Krishnamurthy N. <kn...@ya...> - 2003-07-11 10:03:35
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--- alo...@so... wrote: > Krishnamurthy Nagarajan writes: > > > > > Well, one may 'combine' glyphs to create 'ksha' > but it > > stands on its own as a consonant (it has its own > > 'gunintha' in Kannada and Telugu and Hindi) and > its > > What's a gunintha? Oh, sorry, I forgetfully used that term (relevant only in the context of Telugu and Kannana). It's the basic consonant + vowel conjunct series (like 'ka', 'kaa', 'ki, 'kee' ...) > Actually, it can be. The same goes for thra/tra and > gya/jna/gna. > Lexically there is absolutely no difference between > half ka + shha and the > ksha we are talking about. > > We've all been studying the three as separate > characters in school, but they > are not basic consonants, but conjuncts ie > sanyuktakshars. Yes, I am very very aware of the lexical structure of at least four languages, including Hindi. In theory, Tra is just a conjunct. Gna too. But Ksha is rather distinct, though it can be synthesised from 'ka' and 'sha'. And the other two also can be synthesized from the respective constituent consonants. But historically, they have been documented in the script (a'ksha'ramala) as distinct letters. So, it may be worth documenting the fact in the handbook. That's all I wanted to convey. Nagarajan __________________________________ Do you Yahoo!? SBC Yahoo! DSL - Now only $29.95 per month! http://sbc.yahoo.com |
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From: Guntupalli K. <kar...@fr...> - 2003-07-11 10:27:26
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On Fri, 11 Jul 2003 02:06:12 -0600 alo...@so... wrote: > Krishnamurthy Nagarajan writes: > > > > > Well, one may 'combine' glyphs to create 'ksha' but it > > stands on its own as a consonant (it has its own > > 'gunintha' in Kannada and Telugu and Hindi) and its > > What's a gunintha? Its the barakhadi in devanagari ( consonant with all vowel signs applied ) > > > pronunciation can't be systhesised from say 'ka' and > > 'sha'. So, it has to be a separate consonant. For > > Actually, it can be. The same goes for thra/tra and gya/jna/gna. > Lexically there is absolutely no difference between half ka + shha > and the ksha we are talking about. > going by that logic aspirated consonants (KHA, GHA, TTHA etc) are to be composed of the pure consonant + HA sound. I think the idea of keeping conjuncts (including KSHA, TRA, JNA) out of encoding is to minimise, script symbols in view of the limited space avaialble for encoding (128 code or less code points). If there were 1000 or more code points available then defnitely KSHA & co would have been included as characters or akhands. Regards, Karunakar -- A Reasonable man adapts himself to the world An Unreasonable man tries to adapt the world to himself So all progress in the world depends on the Unreasonable man - GB Shaw --------------------------- * Indian Linux project * * http://www.indlinux.org * --------------------------- |
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From: Krishnamurthy N. <kn...@ya...> - 2003-07-14 08:09:17
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--- Guntupalli Karunakar <kar...@fr...> wrote: > > Actually, it can be. The same goes for thra/tra > and gya/jna/gna. > > Lexically there is absolutely no difference > between half ka + shha > > and the ksha we are talking about. > > > going by that logic aspirated consonants (KHA, GHA, > TTHA etc) are to > be composed of the pure consonant + HA sound. > I think the idea of keeping conjuncts (including > KSHA, TRA, JNA) out > of encoding is to minimise, script symbols in view > of the limited > space avaialble for encoding (128 code or less code > points). If there > were 1000 or more code points available then > defnitely KSHA & co > would have been included as characters or akhands. Well, there isn't paucity of code points for just 3 more characters. TRA is surely a conjunct (though it probably is mentioned as a base char. in some old texts), GNA also is. However, KSHA is rather unique and deserves to be identified as a base character, IMO Nagarajan __________________________________ Do you Yahoo!? SBC Yahoo! DSL - Now only $29.95 per month! http://sbc.yahoo.com |
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From: Guntupalli K. <kar...@fr...> - 2003-07-14 09:03:11
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On Mon, 14 Jul 2003 01:09:13 -0700 (PDT) Krishnamurthy Nagarajan <kn...@ya...> wrote: > > --- Guntupalli Karunakar <kar...@fr...> > wrote: > > > > Actually, it can be. The same goes for thra/tra > > and gya/jna/gna. > > > Lexically there is absolutely no difference > > between half ka + shha > > > and the ksha we are talking about. > > > > > going by that logic aspirated consonants (KHA, GHA, > > TTHA etc) are to > > be composed of the pure consonant + HA sound. > > I think the idea of keeping conjuncts (including > > KSHA, TRA, JNA) out > > of encoding is to minimise, script symbols in view > > of the limited > > space avaialble for encoding (128 code or less code > > points). If there > > were 1000 or more code points available then > > defnitely KSHA & co > > would have been included as characters or akhands. > > Well, there isn't paucity of code points for just 3 > more characters. TRA is surely a conjunct (though > it probably is mentioned as a base char. in some old > texts), GNA also is. However, KSHA is rather unique > and deserves to be identified as a base character, IMO > My point is if you put three then there will be demand to put others too.. the DA , RA, TA forms etc to start with, so better not put any. & its an encoding system being defined not a font. There are some official & linguistic documents which can give more info. maybe ppl in delhi can dig them out from dept of official langs, central hindi directorate or any univ. library (the easiest). Regards, Karunakar -- A Reasonable man adapts himself to the world An Unreasonable man tries to adapt the world to himself So all progress in the world depends on the Unreasonable man - GB Shaw --------------------------- * Indian Linux project * * http://www.indlinux.org * --------------------------- |
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From: Krishnamurthy N. <kn...@ya...> - 2003-07-15 05:02:38
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--- Guntupalli Karunakar <kar...@fr...> > My point is if you put three then there will be > demand to put others > too.. the DA , RA, TA forms etc to start with, so > better not put any. > & its an encoding system being defined not a font. > There are some official & linguistic documents > which can give more > info. maybe ppl in delhi can dig them out from dept > of official langs, > central hindi directorate or any univ. library (the > easiest). Yes, I know it's the encoding system we are talking about and not the fonts. Everyone missed out what I mentioned first - that it's worth mentioning in the handbook what letters historically existed in the lexicon of the given script; someone down the line side-tracked it and dragged Unicode into it, though I NEVER mentioned it in my original reply to Alok. This kind of discussion is highly unproductive and wastes everybody's time. Nagarajan __________________________________ Do you Yahoo!? SBC Yahoo! DSL - Now only $29.95 per month! http://sbc.yahoo.com |
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From: Pavanaja U B <pav...@no...> - 2003-07-14 11:20:24
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I fully agree with Karunakar. -Pavanaja > On Mon, 14 Jul 2003 01:09:13 -0700 (PDT) > Krishnamurthy Nagarajan <kn...@ya...> wrote: > > > > > --- Guntupalli Karunakar <kar...@fr...> > > wrote: > > > > > > Actually, it can be. The same goes for thra/tra > > > and gya/jna/gna. > > > > Lexically there is absolutely no difference > > > between half ka + shha > > > > and the ksha we are talking about. > > > > > > > going by that logic aspirated consonants (KHA, GHA, > > > TTHA etc) are to > > > be composed of the pure consonant + HA sound. > > > I think the idea of keeping conjuncts (including > > > KSHA, TRA, JNA) out > > > of encoding is to minimise, script symbols in view > > > of the limited > > > space avaialble for encoding (128 code or less code > > > points). If there > > > were 1000 or more code points available then > > > defnitely KSHA & co > > > would have been included as characters or akhands. > > > > Well, there isn't paucity of code points for just 3 > > more characters. TRA is surely a conjunct (though > > it probably is mentioned as a base char. in some old > > texts), GNA also is. However, KSHA is rather unique > > and deserves to be identified as a base character, IMO > > > My point is if you put three then there will be demand to put others > too.. the DA , RA, TA forms etc to start with, so better not put any. > & its an encoding system being defined not a font. > There are some official & linguistic documents which can give more > info. maybe ppl in delhi can dig them out from dept of official langs, > central hindi directorate or any univ. library (the easiest). > > Regards, > Karunakar > > -- > A Reasonable man adapts himself to the world > An Unreasonable man tries to adapt the world to himself > So all progress in the world depends on the Unreasonable man - GB Shaw > > --------------------------- > * Indian Linux project * > * http://www.indlinux.org * > --------------------------- > > > ------------------------------------------------------- > This SF.Net email sponsored by: Parasoft > Error proof Web apps, automate testing & more. > Download & eval WebKing and get a free book. > www.parasoft.com/bulletproofapps1 > _______________________________________________ > Indic-computing-devel mailing list > http://indic-computing.sourceforge.net/ > Ind...@li... > https://lists.sourceforge.net/lists/listinfo/indic-computing-devel > [Other Indic-Computing mailing lists available: -users, -standards, > -announce] > > ----------------------------------------------------- Dr. U.B. Pavanaja Editor, Vishva Kannada World's first Internet magazine in Kannada http://www.vishvakannada.com/ Note: I don't worry about pselling mixtakes |
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From: Dr. U.B. P. <pav...@vi...> - 2003-07-11 07:40:35
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> > > Consonant list - 'ksha', 'tra' and 'Gna' are > > missing > > > (actually I prefer the Roman phonetic equivalent > > > 'thra' instead of 'tra'). > > > > They are actually combinations. You can get their > > independent > > display forms by using the GSUB rule of opentype > > font (the > > lookup Akhand). > > Well, one may 'combine' glyphs to create 'ksha' but it > stands on its own as a consonant (it has its own > 'gunintha' in Kannada and Telugu and Hindi) and its > pronunciation can't be systhesised from say 'ka' and > 'sha'. So, it has to be a separate consonant. For > historical reasons, one should include all the letters > of the script (so, better to include thra and Gna). No. ksha, tra and jna are from Sanskrit. Some books about Kannada alphabet list tehm. But the authentic books don't list them. > > In general, better to look at Unicode chart and see > > whether all of them are covered. > > Instead, it's better to refer to standard text books > on the scripts/languages in question. Agree. -Pavanaja ----------------------------------------------------- Dr. U.B. Pavanaja Editor, Vishva Kannada World's first Internet magazine in Kannada http://www.vishvakannada.com/ Note: I don't worry about pselling mixtakes |
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