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From: <tu...@us...> - 2002-11-25 21:02:20
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<html><head>
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=ISO-8859-1">
! <title>Hibernate Reference Documentation</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="../style.css" type="text/css"><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.52.1"></head><body bgcolor="white" text="black" link="#0000FF" vlink="#840084" alink="#0000FF"><div class="book"><div class="titlepage"><div><h1 class="title"><a name="d0e1"></a>Hibernate Reference Documentation</h1></div><div><h2 class="subtitle">Relational Persistence for Idiomatic Java</h2></div><div><h2 class="subtitle">http://hibernate.sourceforge.net/</h2></div><hr noshade="true"></div><div class="toc"><p><b>Table of Contents</b></p><dl><dt>1. <a href="#architecture">Architecture</a></dt><dd><dl><dt>1.1. <a href="#architecture-s1">Overview</a></dt><dt>1.2. <a href="#architecture-s2">Persistent Object Identity</a></dt><dt>1.3. <a href="#architecture-s3">JMX Integration</a></dt></dl></dd><dt>2. <a href="#session-configuration">SessionFactory Configuration</a></dt><dd><dl><dt>2.1. <a href="#session-configuration-s1">Programmatic Datastore Configuration</a></dt><dt>2.2. <a href="#session-configuration-s2">Obtaining a SessionFactory</a></dt><dt>2.3. <a href="#session-configuration-s3">User provided JDBC connection</a></dt><dt>2.4. <a href="#session-configuration-s4">Hibernate provided JDBC connection</a></dt><dt>2.5. <a href="#session-configuration-s5">Other properties</a></dt><dt>2.6. <a href="#session-configuration-s6">XML Configuration File</a></dt><dt>2.7. <a href="#session-configuration-s7">Logging</a></dt></dl></dd><dt>3. <a href="#persistent-classes">Persistent Classes</a></dt><dd><dl><dt>3.1. <a href="#persistent-classes-s1">Simple Example</a></dt><dd><dl><dt>3.1.1. <a href="#persistent-classes-s1-1">Declare accessors and mutators for persistent fields</a></dt><dt>3.1.2. <a href="#persistent-classes-s1-2">Implement a default constructor</a></dt><dt>3.1.3. <a href="#persistent-classes-s1-3">Provide an identifier property (optional)</a></dt></dl></dd><dt>3.2. <a href="#persistent-classes-s2">Inheritance</a></dt><dt>3.3. <a href="#persistent-classes-s3">Persistent Lifecycle Callbacks</a></dt><dt>3.4. <a href="#persistent-classes-s4">Validatable</a></dt></dl></dd><dt>4. <a href="#or-mapping">Basic O/R Mapping</a></dt><dd><dl><dt>4.1. <a href="#or-mapping-s1">Mapping declaration</a></dt><dd><dl><dt>4.1.1. <a href="#or-mapping-s1-1">Doctype</a></dt><dt>4.1.2. <a href="#or-mapping-s1-2">hibernate-mapping</a></dt><dt>4.1.3. <a href="#or-mapping-s1-3">class</a></dt><dt>4.1.4. <a href="#or-mapping-s1-4">id</a></dt><dt>4.1.5. <a href="#or-mapping-s1-4b">composite-id</a></dt><dt>4.1.6. <a href="#or-mapping-s1-5">discriminator</a></dt><dt>4.1.7. <a href="#or-mapping-s1-6">version (optional)</a></dt><dt>4.1.8. <a href="#or-mapping-s1-6b">timestamp (optional)</a></dt><dt>4.1.9. <a href="#or-mapping-s1-7">property</a></dt><dt>4.1.10. <a href="#or-mapping-s1-8">many-to-one</a></dt><dt>4.1.11. <a href="#or-mapping-s1-9">one-to-one</a></dt><dt>4.1.12. <a href="#or-mapping-s1-10">component</a></dt><dt>4.1.13. <a href="#or-mapping-s1-11">subclass</a></dt><dt>4.1.14. <a href="#or-mapping-s1-11b">joined-subclass</a></dt><dt>4.1.15. <a href="#or-mapping-s1-12">map, set, list, bag</a></dt></dl></dd><dt>4.2. <a href="#or-mapping-s2">Hibernate Types</a></dt><dd><dl><dt>4.2.1. <a href="#or-mapping-s2-1">Entities and values</a></dt><dt>4.2.2. <a href="#or-mapping-s2-2">Basic value types</a></dt><dt>4.2.3. <a href="#or-mapping-s2-3">Persistent enum types</a></dt><dt>4.2.4. <a href="#or-mapping-s2-4">Custom value types</a></dt><dt>4.2.5. <a href="#or-mapping-s2-5">The object type</a></dt></dl></dd></dl></dd><dt>5. <a href="#adv-or-mapping">Advanced O/R Mapping</a></dt><dd><dl><dt>5.1. <a href="#adv-or-mapping-s1">Collections</a></dt><dd><dl><dt>5.1.1. <a href="#adv-or-mapping-s1-1">Persistent Collection Styles</a></dt><dt>5.1.2. <a href="#adv-or-mapping-s1-2">Toplevel and Nested Collections</a></dt><dt>5.1.3. <a href="#adv-or-mapping-s1-3">Mapping a Collection</a></dt><dt>5.1.4. <a href="#adv-or-mapping-s1-4">Mapping a Property to a Toplevel Collection</a></dt><dt>5.1.5. <a href="#adv-or-mapping-s1-5">Collections of Values and Many To Many Associations</a></dt><dt>5.1.6. <a href="#adv-or-mapping-s1-6">One To Many Associations</a></dt><dt>5.1.7. <a href="#adv-or-mapping-s1-7">Lazy Initialization</a></dt><dt>5.1.8. <a href="#adv-or-mapping-s1-8">Sorted Collections</a></dt><dt>5.1.9. <a href="#adv-or-mapping-s1-9">Garbage Collection</a></dt><dt>5.1.10. <a href="#adv-or-mapping-s1-10">Bidirectional Associations</a></dt><dt>5.1.11. <a href="#adv-or-mapping-s1-11">Ternary Associations</a></dt><dt>5.1.12. <a href="#adv-or-mapping-s1-12">Collection Example</a></dt></dl></dd><dt>5.2. <a href="#adv-or-mapping-s2">Components</a></dt><dd><dl><dt>5.2.1. <a href="#adv-or-mapping-s2-1">As Dependent Objects</a></dt><dt>5.2.2. <a href="#adv-or-mapping-s2-2">In Collections</a></dt><dt>5.2.3. <a href="#adv-or-mapping-s2-2b">As a Map Index</a></dt><dt>5.2.4. <a href="#adv-or-mapping-s2-3">As Composite Identifiers</a></dt></dl></dd><dt>5.3. <a href="#adv-or-mapping-s3">Cache</a></dt><dd><dl><dt>5.3.1. <a href="#adv-or-mapping-s3-1">Mapping</a></dt><dt>5.3.2. <a href="#adv-or-mapping-s3-2">Read Only Cache</a></dt><dt>5.3.3. <a href="#adv-or-mapping-s3-3">Read / Write Cache</a></dt></dl></dd><dt>5.4. <a href="#adv-or-mapping-s4">Proxies for Lazy Initialization</a></dt></dl></dd><dt>6. <a href="#manipulating-data">Manipulating Persistent Data</a></dt><dd><dl><dt>6.1. <a href="#manipulating-data-s1">Creating a persistent object</a></dt><dt>6.2. <a href="#manipulating-data-s2">Loading an object</a></dt><dt>6.3. <a href="#manipulating-data-s3">Querying</a></dt><dd><dl><dt>6.3.1. <a href="#manipulating-data-s4">Scalar queries</a></dt><dt>6.3.2. <a href="#manipulating-data-s5">The Query interface</a></dt><dt>6.3.3. <a href="#manipulating-data-s5b">Scrollable iteration</a></dt><dt>6.3.4. <a href="#manipulating-data-s6">Filtering collections</a></dt></dl></dd><dt>6.4. <a href="#manipulating-data-s7">Updating objects saved or loaded in the current session</a></dt><dt>6.5. <a href="#manipulating-data-s8">Updating objects saved or loaded in a previous session</a></dt><dt>6.6. <a href="#manipulating-data-s9">Deleting persistent objects</a></dt><dt>6.7. <a href="#manipulating-data-s10">Graphs of objects</a></dt><dd><dl><dt>6.7.1. <a href="#manipulating-data-s11a">Lifecycle objects</a></dt><dt>6.7.2. <a href="#manipulating-data-s11b">Persistence by Reachability</a></dt></dl></dd><dt>6.8. <a href="#manipulating-data-s12">Flushing</a></dt><dt>6.9. <a href="#manipulating-data-s13">Ending a Session</a></dt><dd><dl><dt>6.9.1. <a href="#manipulating-data-s13-1">Flushing the session</a></dt><dt>6.9.2. <a href="#manipulating-data-s13-2">Committing the transaction</a></dt><dt>6.9.3. <a href="#manipulating-data-s13-3">Closing the session</a></dt><dt>6.9.4. <a href="#manipulating-data-s13-4">Exception handling</a></dt></dl></dd><dt>6.10. <a href="#manipulating-data-s14">Interceptors</a></dt></dl></dd><dt>7. <a href="#query-language">Hibernate Query Language</a></dt><dd><dl><dt>7.1. <a href="#query-language-s1">Case Sensitivity</a></dt><dt>7.2. <a href="#query-language-s2">The from clause</a></dt><dt>7.3. <a href="#query-language-s3">The select clause</a></dt><dt>7.4. <a href="#query-language-s3b">polymorphism</a></dt><dt>7.5. <a href="#query-language-s4">from collections</a></dt><dt>7.6. <a href="#query-language-s5">The where clause</a></dt><dt>7.7. <a href="#query-language-s6">Expressions</a></dt><dt>7.8. <a href="#query-language-s7">The order by clause</a></dt><dt>7.9. <a href="#query-language-s8">The group by clause</a></dt><dt>7.10. <a href="#query-language-s9">Subqueries</a></dt></dl></dd><dt>8. <a href="#transactions">Transactions And Concurrency</a></dt><dd><dl><dt>8.1. <a href="#transactions-s1">Datastores, Sessions and Factories</a></dt><dt>8.2. <a href="#transactions-s3">Threads and connections</a></dt><dt>8.3. <a href="#transactions-s5">Optimistic Locking / Versioning</a></dt><dd><dl><dt>8.3.1. <a href="#transactions-s5-1">Long session with automatic versioning</a></dt><dt>8.3.2. <a href="#transactions-s5-2">Many sessions with automatic versioning</a></dt><dt>8.3.3. <a href="#transactions-s5-3">Application version checking</a></dt></dl></dd><dt>8.4. <a href="#transactions-s2">Session disconnection</a></dt><dt>8.5. <a href="#transactions-s4">Pessimistic Locking</a></dt></dl></dd><dt>9. <a href="#examples">Examples</a></dt><dd><dl><dt>9.1. <a href="#examples-s0">Employer / Employee</a></dt><dt>9.2. <a href="#examples-s1">Author / Work</a></dt><dt>9.3. <a href="#examples-s2">Customer / Order / Product</a></dt></dl></dd><dt>10. <a href="#best-practices">Best Practices</a></dt></dl></div><div class="chapter"><div class="titlepage"><div><h2 class="title"><a name="architecture"></a>Chapter 1. Architecture</h2></div></div><div class="toc"><p><b>Table of Contents</b></p><dl><dt>1.1. <a href="#architecture-s1">Overview</a></dt><dt>1.2. <a href="#architecture-s2">Persistent Object Identity</a></dt><dt>1.3. <a href="#architecture-s3">JMX Integration</a></dt></dl></div><div class="sect1"><div class="titlepage"><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a name="architecture-s1"></a>1.1. Overview</h2></div></div><p>
A (very) high-level view of the Hibernate architecture:
</p><div class="mediaobject"><img src="../images/overview.gif" align="center"></div><p>
--- 1,5 ----
<html><head>
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=ISO-8859-1">
! <title>Hibernate Reference Documentation</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="'../style.css'" type="text/css"><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.49"></head><body bgcolor="white" text="black" link="#0000FF" vlink="#840084" alink="#0000FF"><div class="book"><div class="titlepage"><div><h1 class="title"><a name="d0e1"></a>Hibernate Reference Documentation</h1></div><div><h2 class="subtitle">Relational Persistence for Idiomatic Java</h2></div><div><h2 class="subtitle">http://hibernate.sourceforge.net/</h2></div><hr></div><div class="toc"><p><b>Table of Contents</b></p><dl><dt>1. <a href="#architecture">Architecture</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#architecture-s1">Overview</a></dt><dt><a href="#architecture-s2">Persistent Object Identity</a></dt><dt><a href="#architecture-s3">JMX Integration</a></dt></dl></dd><dt>2. <a href="#session-configuration">SessionFactory Configuration</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#session-configuration-s1">Programmatic Datastore Configuration</a></dt><dt><a href="#session-configuration-s2">Obtaining a SessionFactory</a></dt><dt><a href="#session-configuration-s3">User provided JDBC connection</a></dt><dt><a href="#session-configuration-s4">Hibernate provided JDBC connection</a></dt><dt><a href="#session-configuration-s5">Other properties</a></dt><dt><a href="#session-configuration-s6">XML Configuration File</a></dt><dt><a href="#session-configuration-s7">Logging</a></dt></dl></dd><dt>3. <a href="#persistent-classes">Persistent Classes</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#persistent-classes-s1">Simple Example</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#persistent-classes-s1-1">Declare accessors and mutators for persistent fields</a></dt><dt><a href="#persistent-classes-s1-2">Implement a default constructor</a></dt><dt><a href="#persistent-classes-s1-3">Provide an identifier property (optional)</a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="#persistent-classes-s2">Inheritance</a></dt><dt><a href="#persistent-classes-s3">Persistent Lifecycle Callbacks</a></dt><dt><a href="#persistent-classes-s4">Validatable</a></dt></dl></dd><dt>4. <a href="#or-mapping">Basic O/R Mapping</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#or-mapping-s1">Mapping declaration</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#or-mapping-s1-1">Doctype</a></dt><dt><a href="#or-mapping-s1-2">hibernate-mapping</a></dt><dt><a href="#or-mapping-s1-3">class</a></dt><dt><a href="#or-mapping-s1-4">id</a></dt><dt><a href="#or-mapping-s1-4b">composite-id</a></dt><dt><a href="#or-mapping-s1-5">discriminator</a></dt><dt><a href="#or-mapping-s1-6">version (optional)</a></dt><dt><a href="#or-mapping-s1-6b">timestamp (optional)</a></dt><dt><a href="#or-mapping-s1-7">property</a></dt><dt><a href="#or-mapping-s1-8">many-to-one</a></dt><dt><a href="#or-mapping-s1-9">one-to-one</a></dt><dt><a href="#or-mapping-s1-10">component</a></dt><dt><a href="#or-mapping-s1-11">subclass</a></dt><dt><a href="#or-mapping-s1-11b">joined-subclass</a></dt><dt><a href="#or-mapping-s1-12">map, set, list, bag</a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="#or-mapping-s2">Hibernate Types</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#or-mapping-s2-1">Entities and values</a></dt><dt><a href="#or-mapping-s2-2">Basic value types</a></dt><dt><a href="#or-mapping-s2-3">Persistent enum types</a></dt><dt><a href="#or-mapping-s2-4">Custom value types</a></dt><dt><a href="#or-mapping-s2-5">The object type</a></dt></dl></dd></dl></dd><dt>5. <a href="#adv-or-mapping">Advanced O/R Mapping</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#adv-or-mapping-s1">Collections</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#adv-or-mapping-s1-1">Persistent Collection Styles</a></dt><dt><a href="#adv-or-mapping-s1-2">Toplevel and Nested Collections</a></dt><dt><a href="#adv-or-mapping-s1-3">Mapping a Collection</a></dt><dt><a href="#adv-or-mapping-s1-4">Mapping a Property to a Toplevel Collection</a></dt><dt><a href="#adv-or-mapping-s1-5">Collections of Values and Many To Many Associations</a></dt><dt><a href="#adv-or-mapping-s1-6">One To Many Associations</a></dt><dt><a href="#adv-or-mapping-s1-7">Lazy Initialization</a></dt><dt><a href="#adv-or-mapping-s1-8">Sorted Collections</a></dt><dt><a href="#adv-or-mapping-s1-9">Garbage Collection</a></dt><dt><a href="#adv-or-mapping-s1-10">Bidirectional Associations</a></dt><dt><a href="#adv-or-mapping-s1-11">Ternary Associations</a></dt><dt><a href="#adv-or-mapping-s1-12">Collection Example</a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="#adv-or-mapping-s2">Components</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#adv-or-mapping-s2-1">As Dependent Objects</a></dt><dt><a href="#adv-or-mapping-s2-2">In Collections</a></dt><dt><a href="#adv-or-mapping-s2-2b">As a Map Index</a></dt><dt><a href="#adv-or-mapping-s2-3">As Composite Identifiers</a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="#adv-or-mapping-s3">Cache</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#adv-or-mapping-s3-1">Mapping</a></dt><dt><a href="#adv-or-mapping-s3-2">Read Only Cache</a></dt><dt><a href="#adv-or-mapping-s3-3">Read / Write Cache</a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="#adv-or-mapping-s4">Proxies for Lazy Initialization</a></dt></dl></dd><dt>6. <a href="#manipulating-data">Manipulating Persistent Data</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#manipulating-data-s1">Creating a persistent object</a></dt><dt><a href="#manipulating-data-s2">Loading an object</a></dt><dt><a href="#manipulating-data-s3">Querying</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#manipulating-data-s4">Scalar queries</a></dt><dt><a href="#manipulating-data-s5">The Query interface</a></dt><dt><a href="#manipulating-data-s5b">Scrollable iteration</a></dt><dt><a href="#manipulating-data-s6">Filtering collections</a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="#manipulating-data-s7">Updating objects saved or loaded in the current session</a></dt><dt><a href="#manipulating-data-s8">Updating objects saved or loaded in a previous session</a></dt><dt><a href="#manipulating-data-s9">Deleting persistent objects</a></dt><dt><a href="#manipulating-data-s10">Graphs of objects</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#manipulating-data-s11a">Lifecycle objects</a></dt><dt><a href="#manipulating-data-s11b">Persistence by Reachability</a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="#manipulating-data-s12">Flushing</a></dt><dt><a href="#manipulating-data-s13">Ending a Session</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#manipulating-data-s13-1">Flushing the session</a></dt><dt><a href="#manipulating-data-s13-2">Committing the transaction</a></dt><dt><a href="#manipulating-data-s13-3">Closing the session</a></dt><dt><a href="#manipulating-data-s13-4">Exception handling</a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="#manipulating-data-s14">Interceptors</a></dt></dl></dd><dt>7. <a href="#query-language">Hibernate Query Language</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#query-language-s1">Case Sensitivity</a></dt><dt><a href="#query-language-s2">The from clause</a></dt><dt><a href="#query-language-s3">The select clause</a></dt><dt><a href="#query-language-s3b">polymorphism</a></dt><dt><a href="#query-language-s4">from collections</a></dt><dt><a href="#query-language-s5">The where clause</a></dt><dt><a href="#query-language-s6">Expressions</a></dt><dt><a href="#query-language-s7">The order by clause</a></dt><dt><a href="#query-language-s8">The group by clause</a></dt><dt><a href="#query-language-s9">Subqueries</a></dt></dl></dd><dt>8. <a href="#transactions">Transactions And Concurrency</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#transactions-s1">Datastores, Sessions and Factories</a></dt><dt><a href="#transactions-s2">Threads and connections</a></dt><dt><a href="#transactions-s3">Optimistic Locking / Versioning</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#transactions-s3-1">Long session with automatic versioning</a></dt><dt><a href="#transactions-s3-2">Many sessions with automatic versioning</a></dt><dt><a href="#transactions-s3-3">Application version checking</a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="#transactions-s4">Session disconnection</a></dt><dt><a href="#transactions-s5">Pessimistic Locking</a></dt></dl></dd><dt>9. <a href="#examples">Examples</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#examples-s0">Employer / Employee</a></dt><dt><a href="#examples-s1">Author / Work</a></dt><dt><a href="#examples-s2">Customer / Order / Product</a></dt></dl></dd><dt>10. <a href="#best-practices">Best Practices</a></dt></dl></div><div class="chapter"><div class="titlepage"><div><h2 class="title"><a name="architecture"></a>Chapter 1. Architecture</h2></div></div><div class="toc"><p><b>Table of Contents</b></p><dl><dt><a href="#architecture-s1">Overview</a></dt><dt><a href="#architecture-s2">Persistent Object Identity</a></dt><dt><a href="#architecture-s3">JMX Integration</a></dt></dl></div><div class="sect1"><div class="titlepage"><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a name="architecture-s1"></a>Overview</h2></div></div><p>
A (very) high-level view of the Hibernate architecture:
[...2251 lines suppressed...]
provider.
! </p></dd><dt><span class="term">Understand <tt>Session</tt> flushing.</span></dt><dd><p>
From time to time the Session synchronizes its persistent state with the database. Performance will
be affected if this process occurs too often. You may sometimes minimize unnecessary flushing by
disabling automatic flushing or even by changing the order of queries and other operations within a
particular transaction.
! </p></dd><dt><span class="term">In a three tiered architecture, consider using <tt>saveOrUpdate()</tt>.</span></dt><dd><p>
When using a servlet / session bean architecture, you could pass persistent objects loaded in
the session bean to and from the servlet / JSP layer. Use a new session to service each request.
Use <tt>Session.update()</tt> or <tt>Session.saveOrUpdate()</tt> to update the
persistent state of an object.
! </p></dd><dt><span class="term">In a two tiered architecture, consider using session disconnection.</span></dt><dd><p>
When using a servlet only, you may reuse the same session for multiple client requests. Just
remember to disconnect the session before returning control to the client.
! </p></dd><dt><span class="term">Don't treat exceptions as recoverable.</span></dt><dd><p>
This is more of a necessary paractice than a "best" practice. When an exception occurs, roll back
the <tt>Transaction</tt> and close the <tt>Session</tt>. If you don't, Hibernate
can't guarantee that in-memory state accurately represents persistent state
! </p></dd></dl></div></div></div></body></html>
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