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Dynamic_effects

Gaius Baltar
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03-2-NoiseGate.png (11195 bytes)
03-3-Compresor.png (24728 bytes)
Compressorgraphic.png (6994 bytes)
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Compressor

The Compressor is a dynamic processor that reduces the "dynamic range" (the ratio between the largest and smallest possible values of the signal).

Most important parameters

The threshold and the ratio are the most important parameters to set the compressor because they mainly depend on the signal-instrument-player factor.

Usual values for guitar are 5:1 ratio and 5 to 10ms attack. For bass, similar attack values and a ratio of 8:1 are used.
  • Ratio (Compression ratio): It controls the amount of compression (reduction) applied to the signal. It is written X:1 (input signal / output signal) and it is measured in dB.

For example, if we had a 6:1 ratio the signal that exceeded the threshold by 6dB would be compressed to 1dB above the same threshold. If the signal exceeded it by 18dB it would be compressed to 3dB above it.

  • Threshold: It is the point from which the signal is compressed. Everything below this level (in dB) will not be affected, whereas all the signal above will be compressed (reduced) proportionally to the ratio.

More parameters

  • Knee: Controls the transition from the original signal and the compressed one.
  • Attack: it is the time that takes the signal to be compressed starting at the time it exceeds the threshold. Low values usually are between 50 to 500 microseconds and high values between 20 to 100 miliseconds.

This choice depends on the input signal: its attack (some percussion can be only attack, whereas the voice could be quite the opposite), the dynamic envelope, etc...

  • Release: It is the opposite to the attack. It is the time that the compressor takes to go from a compressed signal to a signal below the threshold. Understanding this is necessary to understand the "release phase" of the top image. Normal values are between a few ms to 5 seconds.

A slow "release time" is necessary when we use signals with sudden attack and release, like some percussions. If we don´t use a short release, the dynamic envelope could be distorted, prompting a cut-feeling or a "second attack". At the same time, the release time can´t be too slow, because the compressor may not continue working over the first note when the next attacks (something that could happen with fast themes and transitions).

Tips and tricks

working...

La compresión puede llegar a ser un tema muy complejo, así que es imprescindible, a la hora de grabar un tema, tenerlo bien controlado. En www.cetear.com tienen unos artículos cuya lectura es un “must-have” si estáis interesados realmente en el tema. El artículo de 2005 ayuda a tener unos conocimientos básicos, y más en concreto, este nos dice:

   el compresor es uno de los procesadores más importantes en la cadena de audio, único a la hora de nivelar los abruptos cambios en intensidad que puede presentar una señal sonora, y, si es aplicado a toda la mezcla, permite ensamblar todos los sonidos presentes en la canción, pero debe prestarse mucho cuidado al utilizarlo. Si los pasajes intensos se ahogan mientras que los suaves suenan artificialmente fuerte, es tiempo de cambiar la configuración del compresor.


   La compresión provoca una cierta pérdida de ganancia, ya que atenúa las señales superiores al umbral. Hoy en día, los plugins de compresión suelen incorporar un Make-up Gain para realzar la señal y compensar esta pérdida de ganancia. En Guitarix, tenderemos a subir el volumen donde queramos. Esto a la vez puede ser un problema, ya que los ruídos, el sonido de púa y similares también van a venirse hacia arriba, así que, si no son deseados, deberán ser minimizados en la ejecución, la distorsión, la puerta de ruído o, simplemente, aplicando menos compresión.


   Para el que escribe, un exceso de sonido de púa existe en el primer disco de Iron Maiden tras la vuelta de Dickinson, el Brave New World.


   En los estilos más metaleros, las guitarras juegan con una compresión de ataque rápido y mucho tiempo de relajación, contribuyendo al sustain del instrumento. Otra vez más, tened cuidado de que este tiempo de relajación no afecte a las siguientes notas en caso de que el tema sea muy rápido.


   El limitador es un compresor de ratio infinito:1 que impide que la señal supere el umbral establecido. Su efecto puede conseguirse con ratios superiores a 20:1 (este es el máximo en el compresor de Guitarix). En la puerta de ruído (incluída por defecto en el rack) tenéis los parámetros mono level out y clip, suficientes para conseguir esto.

Noise Gate

  • Noise gate: It cuts not-desired signals. The wheel controls the threshold, i. e. if a signal crosses this trheshold it gets cut. If we we overdo it it will starts working even as we play. You can test it turning it to the max and playing a sustained note. You'll see how the noise gate cuts the note quickly.

The gate can be so brutal that it can interpret a strong left-hand vibrato as noise, so use it sensibly. Sometimes is better to use a little less gain (or the next control in the noise gate, teh noise shaper) if you want a powerful but round tone (amps add buzz from gain values of 7 or 8 upwards killing your dinamics).

  • Noise shaper: It acts against the general noise in the signal, cutting out some of the “buzz” that comes with digital distrotion. It is very useful to lower the not desired gain without messing up other controls.
  • Mono level out: It controls the ouput of the noise gate. If our gain is so high that it even clips in the moise gate this little one will lower the singal up to 20 dB. You can have terrific results with huge distortions and then lowering 10 or 15 dB with the mono level out. Be warned though, you might be accused of lack of naturalness.
  • Clip: It sets a limit to the signal output, and it does not allow your guitar to exceed it.

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