minesheep

While decryption may still be possible (using the backup heeader) You should be careful if that drive contains important data. Cloning is a good idea, but if a drive is unable to provide any useful data, recovery via software may be impossible. If data on that drive is worth spending in data recovery services. you can ask they for trying to get image, You can then decrypt that image yourself if it has at least one intact header (main one or backup one). However data recovery is often expensive, having...

Is the whole external drive in read-only state (can you copy any file to it, outside of the veracrypt conteiner of course)? If you can't it may have failed. The best you can do now is to run a data recovery program at the mounted volume. It may also have happened that the container file was not fully written if the drive gone into read-only mode when the copy was running. No matter if you get your data back or not do backups in the future (any storage media will fail at some point). If your drive...

If you used the outer volume without protecting the hidden volume it may be that the headers are intact, but the data itself (filesystem) is at least partly corrupted. If I understand correctly you get different error when providing truly wrong password, is that true?

You can try to mount the volume with using backup header from the more options menu. If you get different error message than with truly wrong password you need to repair the filesystem inside that veracrypt volume. I can help you with it if that is needed.

The filesystem inside the veracrypt encryption is probably unsupported by debian 11. Whats the filesystem type? (for example ext2, ext3, ext4, fat, ntfs etc.) Whats the filesystem type when you create a new volume on Raspberrypi OS 11

You can always use the latest version of veracrypt available, just like you could use truecrypt to migrate your existing truecrypt data to supported software (if you have any). Cryptsetup on linux supports mapping veracrypt volumes (and truecrypt), but you don't need alternative software. If veracrypt stop support and updates the latest version will be available on internet and on your PC/mac/whatever you already use.

You cannot erase unencrypted data off SSD once you put it here. The problem is that for example 240gb (240 000 000 000bytes) SSD actually has 274877906944 bytes (about 275gb of storage or 2^38 bytes). You can only fill (overwrite) 240gb of it with random values or zeroes (random data can be for example veracrypt formatting producted). This leaves 34877906944 bytes or about 34gb of data unerased! You can google "How to erase SSD" or read about wear levelling, but you can't properly erase whole ssd....

Note that the ssd will not ever receive unencrypted data after encryption. SSDs are only storage devices. The data is encrypted in working memory (RAM) with CPU and then its given to SSD to be stored. When data is needed its first taken from ssd and then decrypted in the fly in RAM. RAM will lose all its data (including decrypted data) when power is off. Documentation about SSDs: https://www.veracrypt.fr/en/Wear-Leveling.html Doc about all security precautions: https://www.veracrypt.fr/en/Security%20Requirements%20and%20Precautions.html...