Best Layer 1 Protocols for Ethereum
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Compare the Top Layer 1 Protocols that integrate with Ethereum as of October 2025
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This a list of Layer 1 Protocols that integrate with Ethereum. Use the filters on the left to add additional filters for products that have integrations with Ethereum. View the products that work with Ethereum in the table below.
What are Layer 1 Protocols for Ethereum?
Layer 1 protocols, also known as layer 1 blockchains, are blockchain protocols that are built as the base layer of a blockchain. A layer 1 protocol serves as the underlying base blockchain of a blockchain network, as opposed to a layer 2 protocol which is designed to improve the scaling problems and transaction speeds and fees that layer 1 blockchain networks and protocols face. Decentralized applications and cryptocurrencies can be built on Layer 1 protocols, and layer 1 protocols interact with layer 2 protocols in order to improve efficiency and overall user experience. Compare and read user reviews of the best Layer 1 Protocols for Ethereum currently available using the table below. This list is updated regularly.
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1
Velas
Velas
The fork of Solana with embedded EVM integration. Fastest EVM/EBPF hybrid chain inherited best from Solana and applied to EVM world. Supports all smart contracts built on the Ethereum blockchain. Extremely efficient performance at a fraction of the cost. Stake to support decentralization and get rewards. Through the Velas Network users gain access to decentralized services, delegating the security of his passwords, keys or seed-phrases to segmentation algorithms and validators that are interested in data security. Most important, this information will be distributed over the network and not available to any of its participants. -
2
Meter
Decentralized Finance Labs
Meter is a high performance infrastructure that allows smart contracts to scale and travel seamlessly through heterogeneous blockchain networks. Meter is a Layer 1 and Layer 2 blockchain protocol. The Meter system consists of two tokens: MTRG, the governance token (eMTRG is the ERC20 version), and MTR, the low-volatility currency token. Financial assets should flow freely among blockchains. Meter’s HotStuff-based consensus allows 1000s of validator nodes, making Meter the most decentralized Layer 2 for Ethereum. Meter processes thousands of transactions per second and transactions are confirmed almost instantly. Meter Passport allows assets and smart contracts travel and communicate across heterogeneous blockchains for the best price, liquidity and yield. Meter is an Ethereum Compatible with unique enhancements. Unlike other Layer 2, DEXes build on Meter are front running/MEV resistant, fast and uncensorable. -
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Polkadot
Polkadot
Polkadot is a blockchain network being built to enable Web 3.0, a decentralized and fair internet where users control their own data and markets prosper from network efficiency and security. Polkadot was founded in 2016 by Gavin Wood, former Co-Founder and CTO of Ethereum. Polkadot’s technology addresses the major issues that have stymied blockchain adoption in recent years. Polkadot’s software development toolkit, Substrate, created by Parity Technologies, makes it easy for blockchain developers to build their own custom, fit-for-use blockchains. Polkadot also enables multiple blockchains to communicate between each other, allows for easy upgradeability, and introduces “shared security”, a plug-and-play network security model that allows developers to focus on the technology and avoid spending time and resources recruiting a set of operators to run a new blockchain. -
4
Vision Chain
Vision Chain
The First Blockchain Built for GameFi and Metaverse. Vision expects to create a high-performance, interoperability, scalability, and high security metaverse space, to lower the threshold for users to enter it. Evolved from PoS, the protocol is the culmination of tireless effort. The VPoS network is composed of worldwide and independent validator nodes, with Very high safety factor, make it convenient login, difficult to attack. Transactions on Vision are finalized in seconds and cost little. Vision is compatible with EVM, helping users deploy and run their Ethereum dApps on Vision easily. Vision is fully compatible with Ethereum. Deploy your dApps at a fraction of the cost and experiment with Vision’s high performance. Vision code is completely open source. Everyone can read it, check on the progress, comment on it, and help us build the ecosystem. Vision Metaverse Go! Creator is a content creation-focused, scripted, component-based and data-driven game development tool.Starting Price: Free -
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BNB Smart Chain (BSC)
BNB Chain (Binance)
BNB Smart Chain (BSC) is a blockchain platform developed by Binance, designed to enable decentralized applications (dApps) and smart contracts. It operates as a parallel chain to Binance Chain, combining high-speed transactions with the programmability of Ethereum-compatible smart contracts. BSC uses a Proof-of-Staked-Authority (PoSA) consensus mechanism, which enhances scalability and efficiency while reducing transaction costs. It is compatible with the Ethereum Virtual Machine (EVM), allowing developers to easily port dApps and projects from Ethereum. BSC has become a popular choice for decentralized finance (DeFi), gaming, and NFT ecosystems, offering users a fast, low-cost, and secure platform for blockchain-based innovations. -
6
Avalanche
Avalanche
Build on Avalanche. Build without limits. Avalanche is an open, programmable platform for decentralized finance applications. Launch Ethereum dapps that confirm transactions instantly and process thousands of transactions per second, far beyond any decentralized blockchain platform today. Deploy blockchains that fit your own application needs. Build your own virtual machine and dictate exactly how the blockchain should operate. Stake, or lock up, your AVAX to help process transactions and further secure the platform–providing security guarantees well-above the 51% standard. You probably have the hardware required to join the platform. Avalanche is Solidity-compatible. All of your favorite tools like Remix, Truffle, and Tenderly work out of the box. Deploying smart contracts on Avalanche cost just a tenth of what they cost on Ethereum. High gas fees, front-running, and other adverse effects of slow smart contract blockchains are now a thing of the past. -
7
Internet Computer
DFINITY
The last original Layer 1 blockchain project is launching a revolutionary public network that provides a limitless environment for smart contracts that run at web speed, serve web, scale, and reduce compute costs by a million times or more. Build everything from DeFi, to mass market tokenized social media services that run on-chain, or extend Ethereum dapps. Chase the blockchain singularity. Limitless blockchain with the power, speed and scale of the Internet. Build tokenized mass market social media services exclusively from smart contracts. -
8
Wanchain
Wanchain
Blockchain technology is rapidly changing the world as we know it, but public and private blockchain networks are still operating in isolation. Open Finance must be connected. Open finance is enabling financial freedom, empowerment, and connectedness that we’ve never experienced in history. We seek to accelerate this change through global connectivity. Wanchain is the world’s most advanced blockchain interoperability platform. Wanchain is connecting all isolated public and private blockchains to allow flow of the world’s digital assets and data. Lock tokens on original blockchain using decentralized, non-custodial mechanism. Use proxy tokens in DAPPs throughout Wanchain’s crosschain ecosystem. Burn the proxy tokens and unlock the original tokens. Wanchain provides the economic infrastructure for developers to build super financial applications that span multiple blockchains and communities. -
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Nervos
Nervos
Early internet applications lived on segregated networks needing different ways to access and interact. Now, in today’s decentralized world we again see this segregation into different ecosystems with poor interoperability. The Nervos Network solves for this problem by offering a suite of integrated solutions that allow the developer to build Universal Apps. Choose your interface, choose your crypto and stick with it, but still access the entire space. The frustration of multiple wallets, exchanges and seed phrases is no more with Nervos. Build on Nervos and have the ability to target any Virtual Machine (VM). Port your dApp across with ease and instantly have access to the entire blockchain ecosystem. Sustainable crypto-economics with a built-in store of value mechanism to solve some of the biggest sustainability challenges for public blockchains. -
10
ThunderCore
ThunderCore
ThunderCore combines high performance with decentralized trust. Made possible by years of rigorous academic research, ThunderCore is an EVM-compatible public blockchain that offers higher throughput, faster confirmation times, and lower costs to make it quick and easy for DApps to deploy and scale. ThunderCore Hub is a secure and easy-to-use crypto wallet with full DApp browser capability. Manage your assets and experience the fast, scalable, user-centric Web3 decentralized apps made only possible on ThunderCore's high-performance blockchain. Thunder Token is the native currency of an independent public blockchain, ThunderCore. ThunderCore is an Ethereum Virtual Machine (EVM) compliant blockchain. Tokens based on the ERC-20 standard can be minted and deployed on ThunderCore. Thunder Token can be used to build and monetize decentralized applications on the ThunderCore blockchain. -
11
Telos
Telos Blockchain
Telos is the ideal network for real-world use across multiple industries, Telos-based Tokens NFT’s and Smart Contracts are already used for DeFi, gaming, social media amongst a backdrop of almost unlimited real-world use cases. There are over 100 projects already building on Telos. Top brands already use Telos Blockchain for real-world activities including transparent hackathon judging and payments through Taikai. Telos natively runs eosio C++ smart contract technology. The leading decentralized stack for high throughput decentralized applications. Telos will be the first EVM-compatible blockchain built on eosio. Deploy and run your Ethereum Apps using Telos EVM for the most performant DeFi available. Join hundreds of developers and thousands of users who are choosing Telos. Economic and geographic decentralization to ensure the security and safety of the chain. Community support, including the Telos Works proposal system and grant making for new projects. -
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Qtum
Qtum
Qtum is an open-sourced public blockchain platform, leveraging the security of UTXO while enabling multiple virtual machines including EVM. Qtum is PoS based and boasts a Decentralized Governance Protocol (DGP) allowing specific blockchain settings to be modified by making use of smart contracts. For instance, the block size of Qtum can be increased without the need for a hard fork. Qtum provides a standardized, stable, and safe development environment for smart contracts, enabling business-friendly smart contract coding, deploying, and executing. Qtum is also a decentralized application platform, compatible with existing blockchain infrastructure, and is modularized so new technology can always be added. There is a full spectrum of crypto wallets supporting Qtum, that meet the needs of different users. Qtum also provides mature development resources for blockchain and app development. -
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IOST
IOST
IOST is an ultra-fast, scalable, and secure blockchain network based on the next-generation consensus algorithm “Proof of Believability” (PoB). Led by a team of seasoned experts and backed by world-class investors, our mission is to be the underlying architecture for online services that meet the security and scalability needs of a decentralized economy. High fees and slower transaction times on the Ethereum network have left the door open for new solutions to emerge, and IOST is the pioneering project that has been gaining traction for its superior and revolutionary technology since its main net launch in 2019. The basic technology behind IOST–a decentralized, high throughput blockchain, supersedes 37 high-profile competitors, including EOS and Ethereum, by more than 5 times, per the latest ranking from China’s Center for Information and Industry Development. With 0.5 block time and 8,000 TPS, you can build any application on IOST without concerning about the speed. -
14
Casper
CasperLabs
CasperLabs lowers the barrier to entry for blockchain adoption by providing professional services and support for businesses building on Casper. The Casper Network is the first live proof-of-stake blockchain built off the Casper CBC specification. Casper is designed to accelerate enterprise and developer adoption of blockchain technology today and evolve to meet user needs in the future. Casper was built off the original CBC Casper specifications designed by Ethereum developers. Businesses can choose to build private or permissioned applications on the network. Casper's PoS architecture will enable sharding, a database-scaling solution. Upgradeable contracts, predictable gas fees, and WebAssembly ensure Casper evolves as businesses do. CasperLabs is the team behind the development of the Casper Network. It provides services and support for organizations of all sizes, from enterprises to startups. -
15
Aleph Zero
Aleph Zero
Privacy-enhancing public blockchain with instant finality. Aleph Zero is built for enterprise, Web 3.0, and DeFi use-cases. Aleph Zero is a proof-of-stake public blockchain. We combined an original, aBFT consensus protocol with a customized substrate stack. Currently, we’re working on enhancing the platform with a privacy framework based on Zero-knowledge Proofs (ZKPs) and secure Multi-Party Computation (sMPC) to empower developers with a unique approach to private smart contracts. During a laboratory test, Aleph Zero’s peer-reviewed consensus protocol (AlephBFT) achieved 89,600 tx/s with a 416 ms confirmation time in a decentralized test setting of 112 AWS nodes spread across five continents. Aleph Zero’s real-world performance, especially under heavy l network load, is yet to be determined. The Aleph Zero Consensus Protocol has been officially peer-reviewed and accepted for publication in the conference proceedings of advances in financial technology 2019. -
16
Stargaze
Stargaze
The first interoperable Layer 1 for NFTs. NFT launchpad, NFT marketplace, community-owned, zero gas, carbon neutral (proof-of-stake), secured by 100+ validators. Programmable via CosmWasm, interoperable via Cosmos IBC, Ethereum interoperability via Gravity Bridge. Setting up your project for minting is done via a set of command-line tools. Start by cloning a sample repository, and replacing it with your project contents. Stargaze's sg721 contract allows for off-chain metadata storage. We recommend using a decentralized storage solution such as IPFS. Stargaze NFT metadata follows the OpenSea metadata standards. Create directories to hold images and metadata, and then compile them into a single IPFS CAR (Content Addressable aRchive) file that can be uploaded. After getting the CID for metadata, you set it as the base URL in your contract. This way, the contract knows how to associate each token ID with an individual token URI without having to send the contract a list of URIs. -
17
Canto
Canto Blockchain
Canto is a permissionless general-purpose blockchain running the Ethereum Virtual Machine (EVM). It was built to deliver on the promise of DeFi – that through a post-traditional financial movement, new systems will be made accessible, transparent, decentralized, and free. Canto aims to establish free public infrastructure, core DeFi primitives will not have sovereign governance tokens, nor the capacity to extract rent in the future. Where possible, Canto avoids interface-driven user ownership. Public infrastructure DEXes will have no swapping interface, so all users must trade on third-party aggregators. This will facilitate user acquisition for new protocols. Canto is a distributed community of DeFi advocates for a free public infrastructure. -
18
Somnia
Somnia
Somnia is a high-performance, EVM-compatible Layer 1 blockchain designed to support real-time, mass-consumer applications such as gaming, social platforms, and metaverses. Its novel multistream consensus mechanism and custom database, IceDB, enable the processing of over 400,000 transactions per second with sub-second finality, ensuring ultra-low transaction fees. Somnia's architecture allows developers to utilize existing EVM tools and codebases, facilitating seamless integration and rapid development. By introducing reactive primitives to Solidity, Somnia enables the creation of fully on-chain applications that can respond to data changes and events in real time, fostering a new class of decentralized applications. The platform's focus on scalability and affordability makes it suitable for building complex on-chain games, social networks, and fully on-chain metaverses, promoting user sovereignty, composability, and transparency. -
19
Consensys Quorum
Consensys
ConsenSys Quorum enables enterprises to leverage Ethereum for their high-value blockchain applications. Businesses can rely on the Quorum open-source protocol layer and integrate on top of it product modules from ConsenSys, other companies, or your own in-house development team to build high-performance, customizable applications. Our mission is the seamless adoption of blockchain technology. On top of ConsenSys Quorum, you can integrate product modules from ConsenSys, third-party vendors, or your own in-house developers to build high-performance, customizable applications. ConsenSys Quorum consists of two open-source projects, one based on Hyperledger Besu and another on GoQuorum. ConsenSys Quorum Blockchain Service Support is a subscription-based support service providing developers and businesses with on-demand, developer, or production support for the Quorum open-source protocol projects, plus additional tooling and upgrades to ensure the success of your production system. -
20
CLV Chain
CLV
CLV Chain is a Substrate-based specialized Layer 1 chain that is EVM compatible and cross-chain interoperable. Infrastructure made ready for scaling dApps in the multi-chain universe. CLV offers seamless multi-chain indexing across Bitcoin, Ethereum, Binance Smart Chain, and Polkadot. Users can search through blocks, transactions, and accounts in all-in one streamlined environment. CLV incentivizes dApp builders by automatically sharing a percentage of the transaction fee’s with them. The redistribution will ensure a vibrant developer community and foster an innovative DeFi ecosystem on Sakura and CLV. CLV’s Dynamic Fee Schedule is a brand-new gas calculation method which allows CLV users to get gas discounts proportionally to the frequency of their network activity. Users with less interaction pay more gas, and users with more interactions will less gas over time according to a usage curve. -
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Monad
Monad
Monad is a high-performance Layer 1 blockchain that is fully compatible with the Ethereum Virtual Machine (EVM). It offers exceptional throughput, capable of handling 10,000 transactions per second, with 1-second block times and single-slot finality. Designed with low hardware requirements, Monad enables decentralized applications to scale efficiently without compromising security or decentralization. Its architecture incorporates features such as optimistic parallel execution, asynchronous execution, and a custom state database (MonadDB), all contributing to its superior performance and scalability. -
22
Harmony
Harmony
Harmony is an open and fast blockchain. Our mainnet runs Ethereum applications with 2-second transaction finality and 100 times lower fees. Harmony’s secure bridges offer cross-chain asset transfers with Ethereum, Binance and other chains. Harmony serves as a platform for creators to connect with their community. Harmony’s bridges can connect any Proof-of-Work and Proof-of-Stake chains. Our FlyClient architecture are fully trustless and highly gas-efficient. Currently, our bridges for Ethereum and Binance Smart Chain secure tens of millions cross-chain assets. Developers simply change Chain ID and enjoy faster EVM executions identical at the bytecode level. They can use their familiar and standard Web3 tooling to easily migrate to Harmony. What about users? They can continue to use MetaMask or Ledger — but now pay minimal fees. Any Ethereum wallets or portals can work on Harmony without code changes or new installs.
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