Best Layer 1 Protocols - Page 3
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Compare the Top Layer 1 Protocols as of August 2025 - Page 3
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Dusk Network
Dusk Network
Dusk Network is a technology for securities. An open-source and secure blockchain (DLT) infrastructure that businesses use to tokenize financial instruments and automate costly processes. A distributed Financial Market Infrastructure (dFMI) should provide a clear and final settlement of transactions. Moreover, the settlement of transactions should be instant or near-instant (<15s). The popular proof-of-work consensus mechanism used by Bitcoin and Ethereum does not address these requirements. Therefore, we designed a more performant consensus called Succinct Attestation agreement that enables instant settlement of transactions within 15 seconds. Powered by zero-knowledge technology, organizations use the dusk networks to issue tokens that are governed by privacy-preserving smart contracts. Harnessing the power of DLT while respecting confidentiality agreements, and data protection legislation. -
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Aleph Zero
Aleph Zero
Privacy-enhancing public blockchain with instant finality. Aleph Zero is built for enterprise, Web 3.0, and DeFi use-cases. Aleph Zero is a proof-of-stake public blockchain. We combined an original, aBFT consensus protocol with a customized substrate stack. Currently, we’re working on enhancing the platform with a privacy framework based on Zero-knowledge Proofs (ZKPs) and secure Multi-Party Computation (sMPC) to empower developers with a unique approach to private smart contracts. During a laboratory test, Aleph Zero’s peer-reviewed consensus protocol (AlephBFT) achieved 89,600 tx/s with a 416 ms confirmation time in a decentralized test setting of 112 AWS nodes spread across five continents. Aleph Zero’s real-world performance, especially under heavy l network load, is yet to be determined. The Aleph Zero Consensus Protocol has been officially peer-reviewed and accepted for publication in the conference proceedings of advances in financial technology 2019. -
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XinFin
XinFin
eXchange inFinite (XinFin), is a Delegated Proof of Stake Consensus network (XDPoS), enabling hybrid relay bridges, instant block finality and interoperability with ISO20022 messaging standards, making XinFin's hybrid architecture developer-friendly. Interoperable blockchain network for global trade & finance which enables digitization, tokenization, and instant settlement of trade transactions, increases efficiency, and reduces reliance on complex FX infrastructures, allowing for increased flexibility in liquidity management for financial institutions. Delegated Proof of Stake (XDPoS) leverages the power of stakeholder approval voting to resolve consensus issues in a fair and democratic way. Higher interoperability with legacy systems and other blockchain platforms makes XinFin Protocol (XDC) the language of core banking systems, ERP systems and SWIFT systems, and many more. -
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ProximaX
ProximaX
A developer-friendly and enterprise-ready stack of distributed and decentralized technologies. The ProximaX Sirius platform consists of multiple servers distributed in a network. It follows a “hub and spoke” design where the core component is the blockchain, or the “hub,” and the other components are service layers, or “spokes”. The service layers consist of P2P and distributed storage, streaming, database, and supercontract where all storage, messaging, and transactions are encrypted. Streaming includes text, video, and voice data. Additional service layers can be added to ProximaX Sirius to offer more functionalities. These layers may be anything from specialized services such as artificial intelligence to distributed computing for genome sequencing. With the expansion of service layers, however, the performance of individual layers remains unaffected. This is similar to multiple sets of network server nodes running in parallel and held together by the blockchain at the core. -
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Flowchain
Flowchain
The Flowchain’s IoT solutions which aim to provide a Data 2025 Ready total solution to the enterprise. The particular aspect of the business is that Flowchain can provide better IoT solutions for enterprises with the exclusive IoT Blockchain Technology. Storage virtualization provides a storage infrastructure for better data protection and privacy. Flowchain's storage virtualization technology aims to take it to a whole new level to ensure data security for enterprises by using the self-built hybrid blockchain technology. Flowchain Hybrid Blockchain comprises of private permission and public permissionless blockchains to enable Machine Learning on IoT Blockchain. Our emerging hybrid blockchain technology allows you to integrate Blockchain into your business and will empower you a new level of blockchain and AI engagement products. -
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Ravencoin
Ravencoin
Ravencoin is a protocol based on a fork of the Bitcoin code which adds features specifically focused on allowing tokens to be issued on the Ravencoin blockchain. These tokens can have whatever properties the issue of the token decides - so they can be limited in quantity, named and be issued as securities or as collectibles. Ravencoin is a digital peer to peer network that aims to implement a use case specific blockchain, designed to efficiently handle one specific function: the transfer of assets from one party to another. Built on a fork of the Bitcoin code, Ravencoin was launched January 3rd, 2018, and is a truly open source project (no ICO or masternodes). It focuses on building a useful technology, with a strong and growing community. -
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KILT
KILT Protocol
Experiment with our KILT Demo Client and request play money from the Mashnet Faucet. See how easy it is to build your own blockchain apps using our KILT SDK. Check out our running KILT blockchain nodes and look at live transactions happening on the KILT Blockchain right now! KILT is a decentralized identity blockchain network, with decisions made by the community of KILT Coin holders using a sophisticated system of governance. The vast amount of users on one service automatically generates a monopoly. Better services coming up have little chance of being recognized, and the monopoly service will not evolve as fast as it could because it does not fear competition. The amount of data collected by only a few services gives these services an unfair advantage in the age of artificial intelligence. -
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Nxt
Jelurida Swiss
Nxt is an open source blockchain platform and the first to rely entirely on a proof-of-stake consensus protocol. Launched in November 2013 and written from scratch in Java, Nxt is proof that blockchain technology is not only about simple transfer of value but also has the potential to revolutionize many aspects of our lives with the various decentralized applications that can be built with it. Today, Nxt remains one of the most tested and reliable platforms in the industry, influencing numerous other projects. With its many easy to use modular built-in features, Nxt covers most of the dApp use cases and at the same time is perfectly suitable for private blockchain implementations. Nxt was the first to implement a pure proof-of-stake consensus protocol. -
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Zcash
Zcash
Spend it, save it or send it to a friend. Unlike many other forms of payment, Zcash shielded transactions keep all your financial information private and in your control. In addition to using Zcash to pay friends, family and service providers, you can use Zcash at your favorite stores or online merchants. Zcash was the first project to implement zk-SNARKs, a novel form of zero-knowledge cryptography that gives its users the strongest privacy available in any digital currency. Zcash can be purchased on any number of exchanges. Gemini is easy to use and it offers privacy options that others don't. But if Gemini isn't available in your country, there are many other reputable exchanges. -
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Monero
Monero
To use Monero, the first thing you are going to need is a wallet. Visit our Downloads page and get the right wallet for you. The Monero wallets are available for a variety of platforms and contain everything you need to use Monero immediately. After you install a wallet, you need to get some Monero. There are multiple ways to acquire some coins to spend, like mining or working in exchange for Monero, but the easiest way is to use an exchange and convert your fiat money into XMR. Many exchanges, centralized and decentralized, list Monero (XMR). Monero is a currency and can be exchanged for goods, services and other currencies, privately and with very low fees. Many entities will gladly accept XMR for payments; take a look at our 'Merchants' page. Monero is not simply a currency, it's a decentralized community and exists only thanks to the hundreds of volunteers that dedicate their time to the project. -
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Helium Blockchain
Helium
Powered by the Helium Blockchain, The People’s Network represents a paradigm shift for decentralized wireless infrastructure. By deploying a simple device in your home or office, you can provide your city with miles of low-power network coverage for billions of devices and earn a new cryptocurrency, HNT. Hotspots work together to form a new global wireless network and undertake ‘Proof-of-Coverage’. Hotspots are built by a variety of vendors to suit your needs. Hundreds of companies and thousands of developers are already building on The People’s Network, the world’s largest, and fastest growing LoRaWAN network. Thousands of existing solutions, sensors, devices and gateways can be easily configured to run LongFi - a powerful blend of LoRaWAN and blockchain technologies. Utilize thousands of existing sensors, chipsets and MCUs for streamlined development. -
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Hathor
Hathor
Our technology is a natural evolution of Bitcoin's blockchain, achieving 200+ tps with no central coordinator or masternodes. Different tokens can be reliably exchanged on the same transaction. An easier and safer implementation of Smart Contracts which connects real world data (oracles). You don't have to pay anything when sending or receiving tokens. Different tokens can be reliably exchanged on the same transaction. A scalable blockchain where anyone can create their own token in less than a minute. No need to know about "gas", "solidity", or "ERC-20". With built-in atomic swaps, we can build a true decentralized exchange for all tokens in our platform. More built-in nano contracts will be developed to become easily available for everyone. -
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aeternity
æternity blockchain
Engineered to scale and last, æternity is an easily accessible blockchain platform for the global public. With numerous innovative functionalities and performance far ahead of earlier blockchains, æternity allows its users and community to seamlessly venture into the new era of society, economy, and digital interactions. State channels make it possible to execute smart contracts off-chain. The blockchain enforces the smart contract code only in the case of a disagreement between the contracting parties. Unlike most blockchains, æternity’s core protocol was re-engineered specifically so it can accommodate state channels on the protocol and smart contract language level, making it easier to build applications for global-scale use cases requiring huge numbers of instant and private transactions without compromising on the security of a public blockchain. -
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Viction
Viction
The Viction blockchain and product ecosystem enable development of high-performance blockchain projects. An array of original features and protocols is designed to support speed, privacy, usability, and liquidity needs all in one platform. Once upon a recent time, in a blockchain galaxy not so far away, a group of astronauts went on a quest to find the most advanced planet to settle down and build up their developments. Buckle up in the back seat as you’re about to witness an adventure to find the greatest planet! Viction Privacy offers freedom of finance through anonymous and private transactions by obfuscating and hiding the transaction senders, receivers, and value. Proof-of-Stake-based consensus with 150 Masternodes voting mechanism, Double Validation and Randomization supports near-zero fee, 2,000 TPS, and 2 second confirmation time. -
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LTO Network
LTO Network
LTO Network is a hybrid blockchain for securing, verifying and exchanging business critical information. Protect important data through fast immutable timestamps. Identify your business on-chain by publishing a public certificate. Providing assurance that document contents have not been tampered with and providing proof of the specific date and time a document was signed. Providing immutable evidence to data entries and creation of inspection reports on vital locations like airports, oil terminals and dangerous goods. Notary procedures heavily rely on paper based processes. LTO Network makes incorporation procedures more efficient by sharing data efficiently and secure. Enabling brands with smart packaging solutions for product authentication, supply chain traceability using blockchain technology of LTO Network. -
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Ethereum Classic
Ethereum Classic
As incumbent institutions are increasingly threatened by the wild potential of blockchain tech, only truly decentralized cryptocurrencies will survive. Existing in response to contract censorship on sister chain Ethereum, Classic has proven its ability to resist censorship against all the odds, and to deliver the original Ethereum vision of unstoppable applications. By combining the technology of ETH with the philosophy of BTC, ETC is uniquely positioned to be the Smart Contract Platform of the future, as other chains become compromised or captured by special interests. Welcome, and please be invited to discover the past, present and future of Ethereum Classic; it's principles, value proposition, community, and more - to understand why Classic. -
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DigiByte
DigiByte Global
DigiByte is more than a faster digital currency. It is an innovative blockchain that can be used for digital assets, smart contracts, decentralized applications and secure authentication. The three layers are the most innovative parts of the DigiByte blockchain providing the network infrastructure, security and communications to function with cutting edge speed. The top layer is like an app store with clear real-world uses. All types of digital assets can be created with the DigiAssets protocol on top of the DigiByte blockchain. The middle layer provides security and administration. A Digital Byte of data, a representation of larger data or a unit that holds value, and cannot be counterfeited, duplicated or hacked. An immutable public ledger where all transactions of DigiBytes are recorded. DigiByte uses five proof of work algorithms for security. New DigiBytes come from mining only. -
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Lisk
Lisk
Lisk is a blockchain application platform. We make blockchain accessible by creating a world in which everyone benefits from this technology. Develop blockchain applications compatible with the Lisk protocol. No need to learn new languages, everything is being written in JavaScript and TypeScript. The modular design of the Lisk SDK enables you to realize any kind of blockchain technology use-case. We are searching for entrepreneurs and developers to build blockchain applications with the Lisk SDK. Join us and receive a 60,000 CHF grant to expand our ecosystem with ground-breaking blockchain use-cases. Lisk Desktop is an all-in-one solution to manage your Lisk account, access and send tokens, or vote for delegates. It combines the functionality of a cryptocurrency wallet with the transparency of a blockchain explorer. Lisk Mobile is your lightweight version ready for on-the-go use. -
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Bitcoin SV
Bitcoin SV
Our ecosystem is based on four pillars that form the basis of Bitcoin SV’s infrastructure to create the one blockchain for the world. Enabling businesses to plan years in advance and commit significant resources to build on a stable protocol. Delivering capacity increases through scalable architecture and miner configurable block sizes. Fostering best practice change management processes, external security audits and lucrative bug bounty program. Unlocking the bricks-and-mortar merchant market and enabling new business models with micropayments and nanoservices. If you're a person completely new to digital currencies, a merchant that is looking to accept BSV payments, or an enterprise looking for blockchain solutions, BitcoinSV.com can help you source information about Bitcoin SV providing plenty of resources and useful links. -
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Nano
Nano Foundation
Nano was created to perform efficiently without the need for mining, an energy-intensive mechanism to process transactions. Instead, nano uses an innovative voting system where no mining is required. Just like the cash in your pocket, choosing to transact with nano ensures that 100% of the value is transferred directly to the recipient. Created to facilitate both local and international payments, choosing to use nano makes moving money across borders effortless and feeless. This efficient mechanism allows the nano network to use magnitudes less energy than other digital currencies, providing the world with an environmentally-friendly, and sustainable currency for a greener future. Created to facilitate both local and international payments, choosing to use nano makes moving money across borders effortless and feeless. -
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Horizen
Horizen
Horizen is powered by the most robust and secure public infrastructure enhanced with multiple security layers. Horizen’s distributed node system ensures the scalability, reliability, security and speed of its network. Horizen is also secured by an improved consensus with enhanced protection against 51% attacks. Horizen’s cross-chain protocol, Zendoo, is designed for developers to build blockchains and applications that solve today’s real-world problems with the flexibility to capture tomorrow’s opportunities. Powered by the Horizen blockchain to leverage the security of a robust PoW public blockchain with the largest distributed node network ensuring maximum reliability and resilience. Zero-knowledge enabled cross-chain protocol allowing auditable and privacy-preserving blockchains - bridging a major gap for real-world adoption. -
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Edgeware
Edgeware
Edgeware is a platform for the next generation of decentralized applications. On Edgeware, Ethereum developers can deploy Solidity/EVM smart contracts with few or no changes, while new developers can get started with Rust and WebAssembly. Builders and organizers can find a place in one of Edgeware’s many collectives funded by the on-chain treasury to expand the network and explore new ideas. The treasury and chain are governed by a fairly-launched, widely distributed set of stakeholders established during the lockdrop, one of the largest Ethereum token generation events in 2018. With Edgeware you own your identity, control your data and can engage in the community using your real name or as an anonymous contributor. As you contribute you can develop a reputation through a range of achievements that attribute value to your profile and signal your value to the community. -
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Stargaze
Stargaze
The first interoperable Layer 1 for NFTs. NFT launchpad, NFT marketplace, community-owned, zero gas, carbon neutral (proof-of-stake), secured by 100+ validators. Programmable via CosmWasm, interoperable via Cosmos IBC, Ethereum interoperability via Gravity Bridge. Setting up your project for minting is done via a set of command-line tools. Start by cloning a sample repository, and replacing it with your project contents. Stargaze's sg721 contract allows for off-chain metadata storage. We recommend using a decentralized storage solution such as IPFS. Stargaze NFT metadata follows the OpenSea metadata standards. Create directories to hold images and metadata, and then compile them into a single IPFS CAR (Content Addressable aRchive) file that can be uploaded. After getting the CID for metadata, you set it as the base URL in your contract. This way, the contract knows how to associate each token ID with an individual token URI without having to send the contract a list of URIs. -
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Umee
Umee
Simplest way to start your DeFi experience for staking, rates, and interoperable solutions across blockchains. Umee is a layer one blockchain for cross-chain communication and interoperability, built on the Cosmos SDK and powered by Tendermint Consensus along with a self-sovereign validator network. Interoperability is achieved using Inter-Blockchain Communication protocol (IBC), Gravity bridge, and decentralized infrastructure for creating a universal cross-chain DeFi hub toward expanding the crypto ecosystem. A DeFi platform designed towards integrating with money legos, that interconnects crypto markets across networks, allows for the development of open finance innovation including multi-chain staking, interchain leverage, and cross-chain interest rates. As a base layer blockchain, applications and money lego primitives can be built on top of Umee to access cross-chain leverage and liquidity. -
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TON
TON Society
TON is a fully decentralized layer-1 blockchain designed by Telegram to onboard billions of users. It boasts ultra-fast transactions, tiny fees, easy-to-use apps, and is environmentally friendly. TON is scalable and shareable. Its flexible architecture lets it grow and grow, with no loss of performance. It's used for transaction fees, securing the blockchain through staking, deciding how the network develops, and settling payments. TON has plenty of unique features that differentiate it from other layer-1 blockchains. The actor model is a mathematical model of concurrent computation and is at the heart of TON smart contracts. In it, each smart contract can receive one message, change its own state or send one or several messages per unit time. As a result, the entire blockchain, as well as a given contract, can scale up to host an unlimited amount of users and transactions. The TON Virtual Machine (TVM) is a deterministic, fully-featured stack-based virtual machine. -
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Everscale
Everscale
Everscale's architecture demonstrates that when software algorithms are implemented alongside a blockchain's infrastructure, the software itself ceases to be a performance bottleneck, thereby allowing transaction throughput to scale in direct proportion to network bandwidth. As such, Everscale’s architecture satisfies the three fundamental properties of a blockchain, scalability, security and decentralization. At Everscale we are demonstrating that distributed systems research is applicable to blockchain. Furthermore, and much to our surprise, it can be implemented using a mechanism that has been part of Bitcoin since day one which can be used to postdate transactions using block height instead of a timestamp. To achieve high network performance, you need reliable servers with fast connections. At the same time, in order to achieve sufficient decentralization, these servers should be owned by as many owners as possible. -
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Aptos
Aptos
At Aptos Labs we are building a Layer 1 for everyone. Develop applications for the Aptos Blockchain, run nodes, and be a part of the blossoming Aptos community. When an Aptos Blockchain client submits a transaction, they are requesting that the ledger state be updated with their transaction. Generate, submit and verify a transaction to the Aptos Blockchain. Write your first Move Module for the Aptos Blockchain. Deploy your first coin on the Aptos Blockchain. Learn how to build your first dapp. Each Aptos account has a unique account address. The owner of that account holds the public, and private key pair that maps to the Aptos account address and, in turn, the authentication key stored in that account. Aptos provides a REST API for interacting with the blockchain. Scan transactions and accounts on the network. Retrieve the ledger data from the FullNode, including account and account resource data. -
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Inery
Inery Blockchain
Inery is layer-1 blockchain designed to offer the solution of decentralized database management with the vision to enable a new paradigm for data. It lays the foundation for web3 by seamlessly connecting with systems, applications, and layer-1 networks. Inery’s data management system (IneryDB) integrates blockchain functionalities with distributed database management properties. Built on a decentralized infrastructure, IneryDB supports high throughput, low latency, complex query search and owner-controlled data assets. IneryDB allows developers and enterprises to securely store, access, manage and deliver data on a decentralized infrastructure supporting various industries. Inery's layer-1 blockchain facilitates secure data sharing with greater speed and better security. It lays the foundation of the underlying infrastructure to deploy decentralized applications and allow cross-chain interoperability. -
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The Root Network
The Root Network
More than just a blockchain, The Root Network enables seamless user experience and asset interoperability across the open metaverse. A critical foundation responsible for maintaining the integrity of the ledger, validating transactions and executing the magic of smart contracts, our Layer 1 blockchain is designed to deliver a seamless user experience for metaverse applications. Scalable L2 technology futureproofs the network to ensure its continued growth and success. The Root Network employs a network of networks’ architecture that leverages the security of our Layer 1 chain. Create digital assets and tokens that can be used and exchanged across different applications, experiences and destinations in the open metaverse. -
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Wire Network
Wire Network
Wire has a large developer pool, simple registration, and allocated resources for business workflows. Wire offers bridgeless cross-chain interoperability. Up to 112,000 transactions per second with 500 millisecond block times. Network expansion is based on user growth, with room for the internet. Wire is a public chain built on open-source software with public governance. Wire Network uses a novel Appointed Proof of Stake (APoS) model, an evolution beyond Delegated Proof of Stake. It further incorporates the Universal Polymorphic Address Protocol (UPAP), which when paired with name service smart contracts on each layer-1 blockchain can enhance interoperability across different blockchains akin to how HTTP standardized internet communication. Wire Network represents a paradigm shift in blockchain technology, offering partition-resistant networking, serverless computing, and distributed storage within a trustless computing environment.