cdrecord Files

# @(#)README.ATAPI	1.6 08/10/12 Copyright 1997-2004 J. Schilling

People (with a Linux only background) often ask me why do you depend on 
"ATAPI-SCSI emulation", why don't you support generic IDE?

First a note: there is no SCSI emulation on Linux, but there has been
some kind of SCSI integration. To explain the difference between SCSI emulation
and SCSI integration let us look at an Operating system that implements both,
Windows NT:

Win NT implements SCSI integration, if you open "\\\\.\\SCSI%d:", BusNo,
you will be able to send generic SCSI commands to any SCSI speaking drive
on that bus. ATAPI drives just show up on a specific Busnumber, SCSI drives 
that use a 50 or 68 pin connector show up on different Bus numbers.
Note that Microsoft obviously did copy my ideas I did implement in August 1986
for SunOS-3.0 :-)

Win NT implements SCSI emulation by not only showing drives that natively
talk SCSI on the ATA/IDE cable, if you send generic SCSI commands via ioctl's
to "\\\\.\\SCSI%d:", BusNo. Win NT also shows you plain ATA drives that do not
understand SCSI commands in firmware. Win NT allows you to send SCSI
commands to the kernel and the kernel translates the SCSI commands to ATA 
commands with the same meaning, so Win NT emulates SCSI for ATA drives.

Linux does not emulate SCSI command transport for vanilla ATA drives, so there
is definitely no SCSI emulation in Linux.


	You need to believe me: There is no single IDE burner out!
	Even a CD-ROM cannot be used decently if you use only IDE/ATA commands.
	Opening/closing the door, playing audio and similar things
	cannot be done using vanilla IDE commands - you will need SCSI commands
	to do this. But how do we do this with a drive that uses an IDE
	interface?

		ATAPI stands for ATA Packet Interface

	The ATAPI standard describes method of sending SCSI commands over IDE
	transport with some small limitations to the "real" SCSI standard.
	SCSI commands are send via IDE transport using the 'ATA packet'
	command. There is no SCSI emulation - ATAPI drives include native
	SCSI command support. For this reason, sending SCSI commands to ATAPI
	drives is the native method of supporting ATAPI devices. Just imagine
	that IDE is one of many SCSI low level transport mechanisms.

	This is a list of some known SCSI transports:

	-	Good old Parallel SCSI 50/68 pin (what most people call SCSI)
	-	SCSI over fiber optics (e.g. FACL - there are others too)
	-	SCSI over a copper variant of FCAL (used in modern servers)
	-	SCSI over IEEE 1394 (Fire Wire)
	-	SCSI over USB
	-	SCSI over IDE (ATAPI)

	As you now see, the use of the naming convention "ATAPI-SCSI emulation"
	is a little bit misleading. It should rather be called:
		"IDE-SCSI host adapter emulation"

Some naming explanations:

	ATA	Attachment Adapter
	IDE	Integrated Drive Electronics (A Drive that includes ATA)
	ATAPI	ATA Packet Interface

When cdrecord has problems with ATAPI drives on Linux this usually is a Linux 
kernel problem. The Linux kernel maintainers unfortunately refuse to correct
their current IDE driver system setup which does not support ATAPI by default.
ATAPI _is_ SCSI over IDE transport. It is hard to understand why Linux still
uses a default driver setup that is designed for IDE CD-ROM drives made
before 1994 (using a IDE compat mode that only allows to use the drive
read-only) and does not handle to send SCSI commands to ATAPI drives by
default. This makes it hard for people who just started with Linux to do
CD-writing on Linux if they own an ATAPI drive. Both Linus Torvalds and
Alan Cox admit that they don't own a CD/DVD writer, how should they know about
the problems?

There are bugs with the DMA implementation that are known for many years
but they don't get fixed.

/*--------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
Which Operating systems support ATAPI

-	AIX: Status unknown! Please report your experience...

-	Apple Mac OS X (Darwin): Supported

-	BeOS (libscg maps ATAPI to SCSI bus # >= 8

-	BSD/OS: Status unknown! Please report your experience...

-	FreeBSD:
		-	YES for the latest default kernel.
			It includes finally ATAPI-Cam

		-	NO for the older kernels.
			Yes, if you install a kernel patch from
			Thomas Quinot <thomas@cuivre.fr.eu.org>
			See http://www.cuivre.fr.eu.org/~thomas/atapicam/
			and README.FreeBSD

-	HP-UX: It looks like ATAPI does not work correctly due to kernel bugs.

	New information:
	HP supports a HP A7853A B/C class machine (s700_800) with HP-UX-11.x
	You need to install a patch:

	Patch Name: PHKL_27224 Patch Description: s700_800 11.00 IDE/ATAPI 
	cumulative patch


-	Linux (unfortunately not in the default configuration)

	-	It works more or less if you include ide-scsi

	-	Linux-2.4.xx includes a CDROM Packet interface in the
		IDE CD driver. For this driver libscg now includes
		support in pre-alpha status. Use cdrecord dev=ATAPI -scanbus
		to check for drives and e.g. cdrecord dev=ATAPI:0,0 ....
		for writing. Note that this interface is not integrated into
		the standard libscg device naming scheme. Support for
		this interface has been included because it is the only
		way to use a PCCARD/PCMCIA writer - trying to use ide-scsi
		on a PCATA interface will cause a Linux kernel panic
		or will block all ATAPI drives.

	-	Starting with Linux-2.5.45, there is a new experimental
		ATAPI interface initiated by Linus Torvalds. Unfortunately,
		this interface does not fit well into the rest of the Linux
		SCSI kernel transport naming scheme. Cdrecord allows to
		use this interface by calling e.g. cdrecord dev=ATA:1,0,0 ...

	All Linux ATAPI transport implementations do not support DMA.
	Current exceptions are:

	-	ide-scsi with block size 2048 and if DMA has been enabled

	-	The new experimental ATAPI interface starting with Linux-2.5.45
		allows DMA if DMA has been enabled and the sector size is a
		multiple of 4. This allows to use DMA for audio CDs and
		when writing any type of CD in RAW mode.

		Note that is a bad idea to first implement a new kernel
		interface that also implements the named DMA implementation
		bugs and later fix the DMA bug _only_ for this new
		interface. It looks like the Linux kernel folks are not
		very cooperative :-(

	RAW mode is needed for many new and cheap drives that have bugs when
	writing in cooked mode. If there is no DMA, you cannot write faster
	than approx 16x.
	

-	NetBSD (releases 1.3 and newer)

-	NeXT: Status unknown! Please report your experience...

-	OpenBSD: (release 2.6 and newer)

-	OS/2 (you need to fetch and install ATAPI support first)
	see: http://www.leo.org/pub/comp/os/os2/leo/drivers/dasd/daniatapi.zip/

-	OSF-1 / True64 Status unknown! Please report your experience...

-	SCO-OpenServer: Supported with 5.0.6 and non-public patch or with
			5.0.7. I don't know whether you need a patch for 5.0.7

-	SCO-UnixWare: partial support with UnixWare 7.1.3 - some SCSI commands
			that are needed for cdda2wav and DVD writing are blocked.
			7.1.4 will have full ATAPI support.

-	SGI/IRIX: Status unknown! Please report your experience...

-	Solaris (you may need to use the USCSI transport interface to address 
	ATAPI if the IDE hostadapter idriver implementation does not follow 
	Sun's internal standards).

	ATAPI works fine on Solaris 7 sparc and on Solaris 7/8 intel.
	
	On Solaris 8 (intel) and newer, the ATAPI/SCSI subsystem is integrated
	correctly according to Sun's SCSA white paper, so the 'scg' driver works.
	This is not true for Solaris on sparc where the ATAPI driver do not conform
	to Sun's internal structuring rules. You need to use the USCSI interface
	on for ATAPI drives on Solaris sparc for this reason.
 
	Solaris 8 sparc has a ATA DMA bug that prevents cdrecord from working at all.
	There is a fix from Sun available: the patch 108974-16 
	Solaris 9 sparc works again, it has the fix for the ATA DMA bug included.

	Newer versions of Solaris 9 disable DMA for CD-ROM drives on IDE.
	Read README.solaris-x86-ATAPI-DMA to learn how this may be circumvented.

-	VMS: works on recent versions!

-	Win32 using a recent ASPI Layer supports ATAPI
	You nay need to exclude mini port drivers (see README.win32).

	Newer cdrecord versions also support the SPTI (SCSI Pass through ioctl).
	Libscg uses SPTI by default if you are running NT-5.x or newer and are
	administrator. With NT-4.x it may be possible to run cdrecord dev=SPTI:1,0.0 ...
	But there are reports for blue screens (kernel crashes).

-	DOS DOS-7 from win98 includes a ATAPI aware aspi
	For other versions have a look at README.msdos and use e.g. "oakaspi".

/*--------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
General hints:

***********************
NOTE: IDE/ATAPI doesn't have disconnect/reconnect! you cannot expect the needed 
	performance for CD-writing if you connect source and destination drive
	to the same IDE cable.
***********************

If you never like to directly write a CD from CD-ROM source, this configuration
seems to be the best:

IDE 0	MSTR	->	HD1
IDE 0	SLAV	->	HD2

IDE 1	MSTR	->	CD-writer
IDE 1	SLAV	->	CD-ROM

If you like to write from both HD source and CD-ROM source, you should have
the following configuration:

IDE 0	MSTR	->	HD1	(does _not_ hold CD mastering data)
IDE 0	SLAV	->	CD-Writer

IDE 1	MSTR	->	HD2	(holds CD mastering data)
IDE 1	SLAV	->	CD-ROM

If cou cannot set up a decent cabling (e.g. because you use a notebook)
you may try to use cdrecord -immed ...
It runs slow commands in quick (immediate) return background mode and
tries to wait between the write commands to allow to free the IDE cable
so the cdrecord read process may fill the FIFO from the other drive
on the same IDE cable.

/*--------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
The rest of this file is only valid for Linux!

This was taken out of mails from From: Dave Cohen <dcohen@richmond.infi.net>
and From: Gadi Oxman <gadio@netvision.net.il>
(slightly modified marked ***JS *** except typo corrects)

As all actual Linux versions have ATAPI support for cdrecord,
I removed the patch section. If you are running a Linux version
that does not support ATAPI<->SCSI command transport, please upgrade.

The basic driver design in Solaris would also allow to use ATAPI
drives but unfortunately, Sun made a mistake in the mid-level design.
If you want to use ATAPI drives with Solaris, ask Sun why they don't
support SCSI passthrough to IDE although they are using a common driver
concept.

Please use cdrecord-1.6 final or later (if available), it includes the
modifications needed for ATAPI drives and is still working with other 
SCSI drives. Older revisions of cdrecord do not support ATAPI drives.

If you are using Linux Kernel version prior to 2.1.73 or prior to
2.0.35, please upgrade before you try to compile and use cdrecord.

In any case, you need to configure a kernel with ATAPI/SCSI hostadapter
emulation. Read carefully the following instructions:

In any case, you need to disable generic IDE/ATAPI CDROM support in 
order to make ATAPI SCSI emulation working.

Many people ask why I use ATAPI-SCSI emulation.

	The use of the naming convention "ATAPI-SCSI emulation" is a
	little bit misleading. It should rather be called:
		"SCSI host adapter emulation"

	The ATAPI standard describes method of sending SCSI commands over IDE
	with some small limitations to the "real" SCSI standard.
	For this reason ATAPI-SCSI emulation is the native method of
	supporting ATAPI devices.

If you have problems to talk to the device when it is jumpered as "slave"
try to use it  as "master". If you connect a hard disk to the same IDE
cable as the CD writer or if you try to read/write data from another drive
that is connected to the same IDE cable as the CD writer you may get
problems too.

NOTICE:

With the newer 2.1.x or 2.2.x kernels it seems to be possible to run 
SCSI/ATAPI hostadapter emulation and generic IDE at the same time by 
selectively telling the kernel what to use for which drive.  However,
this would not be needed if the Linux SCSI CD-ROM driver would be more 
up to date and supports standard conforming drives.

Jörg Schilling <joerg.schilling@fokus.fraunhofer.de>

--------------------------------------------------
Here is a hint from Alan Brown <alanb@manawatu.gen.nz>:

To allow ATAPI cd and ide-scsi support on the same machine, add 
`hd<x>=ide-scsi` to the lilo.conf append entry, or use 
`hd<x>=ide-scsi` at the bootup lilo prompt. 

I have my HP-7200 RW drive as the primary drive on the second IDE 
bus, so the statement used is "hdc=ide-scsi" 

--------------------------------------------------

Hope that the following  is helpful to you.

I recently purchased a HP-7110i CD-RW, which is the U.S. only version of
what you have. The HP 7100 and 7110  CD rewritables use the ATAPI
standard. Originally, the drives were not supported under Linux (due to
some inconsistencies with SCSI translations between the kernel and the
CD), but that problem has just recently been fixed. There are some kernel
and cdrecord patches that have been made to support this device that have
yet to be officially incorporated into cdwrite and the kernel. In order to
get your drive supported under Linux, you will have to do the following:

1. Get the proper version of cdrecord.

As of this writing, I am just getting ready to test Joerg's new cdrecord.
I am currently operational on cdrecord-1.5, so I know that works, and I
have attached patches for that version. 
 
If you are in a hurry, you can download ver. 1.5, apply patches, and
rock-n-roll. You may want to wait, though.  Up to you ;). The version with
ATAPI support is cdrecord-1.6alpha5. I'm not sure if the current kernel
patches are valid for this version, but i'll know soon enough.
**** They are valid **** JS

BTW, the new version of xcdroast now supports cdrecord - this version
is in beta testing, too (currently uses cdrecord-1.5 but cdrecord-1.6a5
should work with the actual xcdroast too).  

2. Upgrade to kernel version 2.0.31

IDE/SCSI translation was first added in this kernel. Because your CD-RW is
an ATAPI device, it will support SCSI command sets.  The translation
allows you to map the device as a SCSI generic device. This will allow
cdrecord to recognize it as a SCSI device.
**** 2.0.31 still needs patches, get 2.0.35 or later **** JS

3. Get the patches and apply them

Attached find kernel patches for kernel sources ide.h and ide-scsi.c, and
cdrecord source scsi_cdr.c (version 1.5 only). 
**** Get cdrecord-1.6 or later **** JS

3. Recompile kernel with SCSI emulation support

If you do a "make menuconfig" or "make xconfig", select SCSI emulation
under the category "Floppy, IDE, and other block devices".

WARNING:
Do not install SCSI support as a module - there is a bug in the makefile
structure that will cause the compile to fail.  Compile directly into the
kernel.   

4. WARNING: Disable generic IDE/ATAPI CDROM support	*** JS ***

If you don't do this, the SCSI emulation will not work  *** JS ***

5. This is important too:
You also need to enable SCSI and SCSI generic support   *** JS ***

6. Make sure that /dev/sg* exists.
If they are missing, create them.

Dave Cohen
dcohen@richmond.infi.net 
(Patch instructions below)

-----------------------------------------------------------------
From: Danilo Fiorenzano <shade@juliet.gppsd.ab.ca>

Anyway, here's what I did, using kernel version 2.0.33  I believe this
is the proper way to get an HP-7100i to work (and as far as I can tell,
any other IDE CD-writer unit):

1) patch the kernel as described by README.ATAPI

2) save your current kernel config to an alternate file, then run
   "make mrproper"

3) run 'make menuconfig' or 'make xconfig', then choose "load config
   from alternate file" to restore the original configuration

4) In "Floppy, IDE and other block devices", disable "IDE/ATAPI CD-ROM
   support" and enable instead "scsi emulation"

5) in "SCSI support" enable "SCSI support", "SCSI CD-ROM support" and
   "SCSI generic support", everything directly in the kernel.

6) compile, install kernel/modules, reboot.  Now, if everything went
   fine, your CDROM units should show up with a message like:
 "hdb: HP CD-Writer+ 7100, ATAPI CDROM drive - enabling SCSI emulation"

7) run "cdrecord -scanbus" to make sure cdrecord can see the unit and
   talk to it.  The end.

Don't forget that now -all- of your CD drives are seen as -SCSI- units
by all programs (/dev/scd0 etc.), so you might want to relink
/dev/cdrom to the proper scd<n> in order to get xcdplay or whatever to
work again.


-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
NOTE: 

1)	Actual cdrecord releases support ATAPI

2)	Linux 2.0.35 or Linux 2.1.73 or later include ATAPI support
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
From whampton@staffnet.com Fri Jan 14 05:21:34 2000
From: "W. Wade, Hampton IV" <whampton@staffnet.com>

You may wish to include/append these notes to your ATAPI notes....

I have my 4X Acer CD-R/RW ATAPI drive working with Linux.   My platform
is
RedHat 6.1 with kernel 2.2.14.  My first ATAPI CD device is a DVD with
the second
the CD-R.  I made the following changes:

Steps:

1.  Identify which device is the CD-R -- in my case the fourth ATAPI
device, /dev/hdd.

2.  Compile the kernel to include ATAPI CDROM and SCSI emulation:

     Under the block devices menu:
                Y or M     Include IDE/ATAPI CDROM support
                Y or M     SCSI emulation

3.  Build and install the upgraded kernel.

4.  If you selected modules, add them to the /etc/conf.modules file.

5.  In the /etc/lilo.conf file add an append line for ide-scsi, in my
case:
        append = "hdc=ide-scsi hdd=ide-scsi"

6.  Reboot to the new kernel and make sure the ide-scsi module is loaded

        /sbin/lsmod | grep ide-scsi

7.  Make a link from the proper SCSI device to a symbolic, e.g.,
/dev/cdrom:
      In my case the DVD is the first CD, hence appears as /dev/scd0 to
scd7
      (cat /proc/scsi/scsi to get a full list of devices -- the first
CD-ROM will
      appear as scd0, etc.)  With the current ATAPI-SCSI module, each CD

      device appears as 8 SCSI devices (different logical units).  If
you have
      two devices, like I do, you may have to make a node for the second
device.
      In my case I had to make scd8:

            cd /dev
            mknod scd8 b 11 8

        Then make links, in my case:

            ln -s scd0 cdrom
            ln -s scd8 cdr

        Note, many CD-ROM player programs expect the audio CD drive to
        be located at /dev/cdrom (xplaycd, etc.), hence this link is
recommended.

        If you try to use /dev/hdc (or wherever your CD or CD-R is)
after loading
        the ide-scsi module, you may not be able to mount CD's or play
audio
        discs -- you have to use the new SCSI names for the device.

8.  Fix your /etc/fstab file to mount the /dev/cdrom and /dev/cdr


/*--------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
From: Eduard Bloch <edi@gmx.de>

Situation:
   Linux: Kernel 2.2.15 (Debian package kernel-image-2.2.15)
   Distribution: Debian Potato (deep freeze), i386
   Devices: one CDRW-Writer, one CDROM-drive, both ATAPI

1. Become root, try "grep hd.: /var/log/kern.log" to find out where your
   ATAPI-devices are connected to (hd?-names).
2. Edit your boot configuration file, eg. /etc/lilo.conf if you use
   lilo or the batch-file if you boot via loadlin.
3. Find a line where you can append additional kernel parameters, eg.
   "append=" in lilo.conf or the loadlin-line in the batch file.
4. Append sth. like this: "hdb=ide-scsi hdc=ide-scsi max_scsi_luns=1"
   The hdX-parameters defines devices that should be mapped to SCSI
   latter. You may do it with non-writers too, since the emulation layer
   is almost complete, or let them out so the devices will use their
   native drivers.
5. Save the file, reinstall the bootloader (ie. running "/sbin/lilo")
6. Call "modconf", load "sg" and "ide-scsi" from the SCSI-section
7. Reboot Debian, watch while booting, you should see a line like this
   "Detected scsi CD-ROM sr0 at scsi0, channel 0, id 0, lun 0".
   Your old ATAPI devices virtually don't exist any longer, use the
   SCSI equivalents instead.
8. Become root, setup devices:
      cd /dev
      MAKEDEV sg scd
      ln -s scd0 cdrom # NOTE: or cdrw, first check which drive is here
      ln -s scd1 cdrw  # NOTE: see above, maybe cdrom
   Check the new SCSI settings:
      cdrecord -scanbus
   Setup cdrecord's environment - edit /etc/default/cdrecord:
      CDR_DEVICE=cdrw
      cdrw=1,0,0        4       8m
      cdrom=1,2,0       0       0m
   Input the right values, the fields are described in the manpage
   of cdrecord. Alternatively, you may use this values as
   cdrecord-parameter or take a frontend with an own configuration
   scheme, then you don't need to modify /etc/default/cdrecord.
9. It's done! Insert a CD and try "cdrecord -v -toc"
/*--------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
He had constant buffer underrun problems:

From: "Trenton D. Adams" <trenton.adams@telusplanet.net>

I enabled DMA, and 32-bit mode on the CD-Writer using "hdparm". 
This fixed the writing problem.

/*--------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
From: "Mario Moder" <clay-man@freenet.de>
-----
TEAC CD-W54E

I recently installed a TEAC CD-W54E (an ATAPI CD-RW-Recorder) and I had
problems with buffer underruns and other errors when burning a CD (with
Linux and Windows 2000). My system has an old ASUS P/I-P55T2P4 Pentium
mainboard with Intel PCI-Bus-Master-IDE (I think the chipset is an Intel
430HX and the IDE controller is an 82371SB). The harddisk is the master on
the primary IDE channel, and the CD-Recorder is the master on the secondary
IDE channel.

After turning off DMA for the CD-Recorder AND the harddisk, the drive had no
longer problems with burning a CD. You can try the following things to make
it work, if you have similar problems with a similar hardware configuration:

For Linux (Kernel 2.2.19):
Turn off "Enable DMA by default" in the kernel (and then compile a new
kernel), if you had it turned on or use "hdparm" to turn of DMA for both the
CD-Recorder and the harddisk

For Windows 2000:
In the Device Manager go to "IDE ATA/ATAPI-Controller" and open the
properties for the first and second IDE channel. There you change the mode
of the devices from DMA to PIO.
-----

/*--------------------------------------------------------------------------*/

Hints for the Linux Packet code in ide-cdrom.c:

	WARNING! It seems that this driver does not allow to send all
	SCSI commands. A command that definitely fails is READ FULL TOC.
	For this reason, you cannot read those 'defective' audio CDs
	with broken TOC when you use this interface.

	Thanks to Alexander Kern <alex.kern@gmx.de> for the idea and first 
	code fragments for supporting the CDROM_SEND_PACKET ioctl() from 
	the cdrom.c kernel driver. Please note that this interface in principle 
	is completely unneeded but the Linux kernel is just a cluster of 
	code and does not support planned orthogonal interface systems. 
	For this reason we need CDROM_SEND_PACKET in order to work around a 
	bug in the linux kernel that prevents to use PCATA drives because 
	the kernel panics if you try to put ide-scsi on top of the PCATA 
	driver. 

	The code is currently in "status nascendi" but usable with some trade offs.

	To use: call e.g.

		cdrecord -scanbus dev=ATAPI:

		cdrecord -dao -v speed=24 dev=ATAPI:0,0 ....

	Be careful! This code is only needed in order to be able to use
	PCATA CD-writers on notebooks because there is a severe kernel bug.
	Unfortunately, this bug causes the kernel to hang (and force you
	to reboot) if you try to call:

		cdrecord -scanbus

	without the dev=ATAPI: option. 

	In this case cdrecord will hang infintely and unkillable 
	in open("/dev/sg1", 2) => you need to reboot :-(

	Repeat by: Insert a PCATA CD-Writer in a Sony VAIO notebook and run
			cdrecord -scanbus.