Currently CSS can be loaded from a file only (--gtkrc option). It utilises gtk_css_provider_load_from_path() function.
There is gtk_css_provider_load_from_data() function, which can receive some (const gchar *) data, which could be obtained as a value of some cmdline option (say, --css=string )
Whithout such an option, only a hackish way is possible (using bash for interpreter):
yad --text=example --gtkrc=<(exec echo '#yad-dialog-label { font-family: monospace; }')
I can try to implement it myself (if needed).
It was not so hard -- see the patch attached. Both code and manual.
I've chosen the option name "css" and variable name "css_data".
"--gtkrc" takes precedence.
Feel free to change as needed.