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[WWcvs] webwork2: Adding help files authored by Paul Pearson
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From: Mike G. v. a. <we...@ma...> - 2010-04-22 01:22:15
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Log Message:
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Adding help files authored by Paul Pearson
Added Files:
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webwork2/htdocs/helpFiles:
Entering-Angles.html
Entering-Decimals.html
Entering-Equations.html
Entering-Exponents.html
Entering-Formulas.html
Entering-Fractions.html
Entering-Inequalities.html
Entering-Intervals.html
Entering-Limits.html
Entering-Logarithms.html
Entering-Numbers.html
Entering-Points.html
Entering-Syntax.html
Entering-Units.html
Entering-Vectors.html
Revision Data
-------------
--- /dev/null
+++ htdocs/helpFiles/Entering-Units.html
@@ -0,0 +1,96 @@
+<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBtr><tdC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN">
+<html>
+ <head><Title>WeBWorK Help: Units</title>
+
+ <style type="text/css"><p>
+
+ </style>
+
+ </head>
+ <body bgcolor="#FFFFFF" alink="#FF0000" vlink="#800080" link="#0000FF" text="#000000">
+ <p align="center">
+
+<p >
+
+
+<H4 align="center">Units Available in WeBWorK</H4><p><p>
+<p>
+Some WeBWorK problems ask for answers with units. Below is a list of basic units
+and how they need to be abbreviated in WeBWorK answers. In some problems, you
+may need to combine units (e.g, velocity might be in <code>ft/s</code> for feet per
+second).
+<center>
+<table border="1" cellpadding="4">
+<tr> <th> Unit <th> Abbreviation
+<tr><td colspan="2" align="center"><b>Time</b>
+<tr><td> Seconds <td align="center"> s
+
+<tr><td> Minutes <td align="center"> min
+<tr><td> Hours <td align="center"> hr
+<tr><td> Days <td align="center"> day
+<tr><td> Years <td align="center"> year
+<tr><td> Milliseconds <td align="center"> ms
+
+
+<tr><td colspan="2" align="center"><b>Distance</b>
+<tr><td> Feet <td align="center"> ft
+<tr><td> Inches <td align="center"> in
+<tr><td> Miles <td align="center"> mi
+<tr><td> Meters <td align="center"> m
+
+<tr><td> Centimeters <td align="center"> cm
+<tr><td> Millimeters <td align="center"> mm
+<tr><td> Kilometers <td align="center"> km
+<tr><td> Angstroms <td align="center"> A
+<tr><td> Light years <td align="center"> light-year
+
+
+<tr><td colspan="2" align="center"><b>Mass</b>
+<tr><td> Grams <td align="center"> g
+<tr><td> Kilograms <td align="center"> kg
+<tr><td> Slugs <td align="center"> slug
+
+<tr><td colspan="2" align="center"><b>Volume</b>
+<tr><td> Liters <td align="center"> L
+
+<tr><td> Cubic Centimeters <td align="center"> cc
+<tr><td> Milliliters <td align="center"> ml
+
+<tr><td colspan="2" align="center"><b>Force</b>
+<tr><td> Newtons <td align="center"> N
+<tr><td> Dynes <td align="center"> dyne
+
+<tr><td> Pounds <td align="center"> lb
+<tr><td> Tons <td align="center"> ton
+
+<tr><td colspan="2" align="center"><b>Work/Energy</b>
+<tr><td> Joules <td align="center"> J
+<tr><td> kilo Joule <td align="center"> kJ
+
+<tr><td> ergs <td align="center"> erg
+<tr><td> foot pounds <td align="center"> lbf
+<tr><td> calories <td align="center"> cal
+<tr><td> kilo calories <td align="center"> kcal
+<tr><td> electron volts <td align="center"> eV
+
+<tr><td> kilo Watt hours <td align="center"> kWh
+
+<tr><td colspan="2" align="center"><b>Misc</b>
+<tr><td> Amperes <td align="center"> amp
+<tr><td> Moles <td align="center"> mol
+<tr><td> Degrees Centrigrade <td align="center"> degC
+
+<tr><td> Degrees Fahrenheit <td align="center"> degF
+<tr><td> Degrees Kelvin <td align="center"> degK
+<tr><td> Angle degrees <td align="center"> deg
+<tr><td> Angle radians <td align="center"> rad
+
+</table>
+
+
+</center>
+<script language="JavaScript">
+document.write(" <center> <p><input type=\"button\" value=\"Close this window\" name=\"close\" onClick=\"window.close()\"></p> </center> ");
+</script>
+ </body>
+ </html>
--- /dev/null
+++ htdocs/helpFiles/Entering-Formulas.html
@@ -0,0 +1,67 @@
+<html>
+
+<body>
+
+<center>
+<b><font size="+2">Entering Formulas</font></b>
+</center>
+
+<ul type="square">
+
+<li><a href="http://webwork.maa.org/wiki/Available_Functions" target="_new">Link to a list of all available functions</a><br /><br /></li>
+
+<li><u>Formulas must use the correct variable(s):</u>
+<blockquote>
+For example, a function of time <tt>t</tt> could be <tt>-16t^2 + 12</tt>, while <tt>-16x^2 + 12</tt> would be incorrect.
+</blockquote>
+</li>
+
+<li><u>Examples of valid formulas:</u>
+<blockquote>
+<tt>5*sin((pi*x)/2)</tt> or <tt>5 sin(pi x/2)</tt><br />
+<tt>e^(-x)</tt> or <tt>e**(-x)</tt> or <tt>1/(e^x)</tt><br />
+<tt>abs(5y)</tt> or <tt>|5y|</tt><br />
+<tt>sqrt(9 - z^2)</tt> or <tt>(9 - z^2)^(1/2)</tt><br />
+<tt>24</tt> or <tt>4!</tt> or <tt>4 * 3 * 2 * 1</tt><br />
+<tt>pi</tt> or <tt>4 arctan(1)</tt> or <tt>4 atan(1)</tt> or <tt>4 tan^(-1)(1)</tt><br />
+</blockquote>
+</li>
+
+<li><u>Examples of constants used in formulas:</u>
+<blockquote><tt>pi</tt>, <tt>e = e^1</tt></blockquote>
+</li>
+
+<li><u>Examples of operations used in formulas:</u>
+<blockquote>Addition <tt>+</tt>, subtraction <tt>-</tt>, multiplication <tt>*</tt>, division <tt>/</tt>, exponentiation <tt>^</tt> (or <tt>**</tt>), factorial <tt>!</tt>
+</blockquote>
+</li>
+
+<li><u>Examples of functions used in formulas:</u>
+<blockquote>
+<tt>sqrt(x) = x^(1/2)</tt>, <tt>abs(x) = | x |</tt><br />
+<tt>2^x, e^x, ln(x), log10(x)</tt> <br />
+<tt>sin(x), cos(x), tan(x), csc(x), sec(x), cot(x)</tt><br />
+<tt>arcsin(x) = asin(x) = sin^(-1)(x)</tt><br />
+<tt>arccos(x) = acos(x) = cos^(-1)(x)</tt><br />
+<tt>arctan(x) = atan(x) = tan^(-1)(x)</tt><br />
+</blockquote>
+
+<li><u>Sometimes formulas must be simplified:</u>
+<blockquote>
+For example, <tt>6x + 5 - 2x</tt> should be simplified to <tt>4x + 5</tt>
+</blockquote>
+</li>
+
+<li><u>Sometimes, certain operations are not allowed.</u>
+<blockquote>Usually, the operations that are not allowed include addition <tt>+</tt>, subtraction <tt>-</tt>, multiplication <tt>*</tt>, division <tt>/</tt>, and exponentiation <tt>^</tt> (or <tt>**</tt>). When these operations are not allowed, it is usually because you are expected to be able to simplify your answer, often without using a calculator.</blockquote>
+</li>
+
+<li><u>Sometimes, certain functions are not allowed.</u>
+<blockquote>Usually, the functions that are not allowed include square root <tt>sqrt( )</tt>, absolute value <tt>| |</tt> (or <tt>abs( )</tt>), as well as other named functions such as <tt>sin( )</tt>, <tt>ln( )</tt>, etc. When these functions are not allowed, it is usually because you are expected to be able to simplify your answer, often without using a calculator.</blockquote>
+</li>
+
+</ul>
+
+</body>
+
+</html>
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+++ htdocs/helpFiles/Entering-Exponents.html
@@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
+<html>
+
+<body>
+
+<center>
+<b><font size="+2">Entering exponents</font></b>
+</center>
+
+<ul type="square">
+
+<li><u>Both ^ and ** are used for exponentiation.</u>
+<blockquote>For example, <tt>x^2</tt> and <tt>x**2</tt> are the same, as are <tt>e^(-x/2)</tt> and <tt>1/(e**(x/2))</tt></blockquote>
+</li>
+
+<li><u>Square roots have a named function, but other roots do not and should be entered using fractional exponents.</u>
+<blockquote>
+For example, the square root of 2 can be entered as <tt>sqrt(2)</tt>, <tt>2^(1/2)</tt>, or <tt>2**(1/2)</tt>, but the cube root of 2 must be entered as <tt>2^(1/3)</tt> or <tt>2**(1/3)</tt>. The parentheses in <tt>2^(1/3)</tt> are required, since <tt>2^1/3</tt> will be interpreted as <tt>(2^1)/3 = 2/3</tt>.
+</blockquote>
+</li>
+
+<li><u>Sometimes, fractional exponents and certain operations are not allowed.</u>
+<blockquote>Usually, the operations that are not allowed include addition <tt>+</tt>, subtraction <tt>-</tt>, multiplication <tt>*</tt>, division <tt>/</tt>. When these operations are not allowed, it is usually because you are expected to be able to simplify your answer, often without using a calculator.</blockquote>
+</li>
+
+<li><u>Sometimes, certain functions are not allowed.</u>
+<blockquote>Usually, the functions that are not allowed include square root <tt>sqrt( )</tt>, absolute value <tt>| |</tt> (or <tt>abs( )</tt>), as well as other named functions such as <tt>sin( )</tt>, <tt>ln( )</tt>, etc. When these functions are not allowed, it is usually because you are expected to be able to simplify your answer, often without using a calculator.</blockquote>
+</li>
+
+</ul>
+
+</body>
+
+</html>
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+++ htdocs/helpFiles/Entering-Equations.html
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+<html>
+
+<body>
+
+<center>
+<b><font size="+2">Entering Equations</font></b>
+</center>
+
+<ul type="square">
+
+<li><u>Equations must have an equals sign and use the correct variable names:</u>
+<blockquote>
+<tt>y = 5x+2</tt> will be incorrect if the answer is <tt>w = 5y+2</tt>
+</blockquote>
+</li>
+
+<li><u>Examples of valid equations that are equivalent:</u>
+<blockquote>
+<tt>32 = 5*x + 2</tt> is the same as <tt>30 = 5x</tt> or <tt>x = 6</tt></tt><br />
+<tt>y = (x-1)^2 + 3</tt> is the same as <tt>y - 3 = (x-1)^2</tt><br />
+<tt>x^2 + xy + y^2 = 13x</tt> is the same as <tt>y*(y+x) = 13x - x^2</tt><br />
+</blockquote>
+</li>
+
+<li><u>If there is no equation that solves the question:</u>
+<blockquote>
+Enter <tt>NONE</tt> or <tt>DNE</tt> (this may vary from problem to problem)
+</blockquote>
+</li>
+
+<li><u>Examples of constants used in equations:</u>
+<blockquote><tt>pi</tt>, <tt>e = e^1</tt></blockquote>
+</li>
+
+<li><u>Functions may be used in equations, but may not be applied across the equals sign:</u>
+<blockquote>
+<tt>sqrt(x) = sqrt(5)</tt> is valid, but <tt>sqrt(x=5)</tt> is not
+<br />
+<br />
+<a href="http://webwork.maa.org/wiki/Available_Functions" target="_new">Link to a list of all available functions</a>
+</blockquote>
+</li>
+
+</ul>
+
+</body>
+
+</html>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+++ htdocs/helpFiles/Entering-Inequalities.html
@@ -0,0 +1,73 @@
+<html>
+
+<body>
+
+<center>
+<b><font size="+2">Entering inequalities</font></b>
+</center>
+
+<ul type="square">
+
+<li><u>Types of operators:</u>
+<blockquote>
+<table border="0" cellspacing="2">
+<tr><td><tt><</tt></td><td> less than</td></tr>
+<tr><td><tt><=</tt></td><td> less than or equal to ( <tt>=<</tt> might also work)</td></tr>
+<tr><td><tt>=</tt></td><td> equals</td></tr>
+<tr><td><tt>!=</tt></td><td> not equal to (uses exclamation point)</td></tr>
+<tr><td><tt>></tt></td><td> greater than</td></tr>
+<tr><td><tt>>=</tt></td><td> greater than or equal to ( <tt>=></tt> might also work)</td></tr>
+</table>
+</blockquote>
+</li>
+
+<li><u>Special symbols:</u>
+<blockquote>
+<tt>infinity</tt> or <tt>inf</tt> means positive infinity<br />
+<tt>-infinity</tt> or <tt>-inf</tt> means negative infinity<br />
+<tt>R</tt> means all real numbers<br />
+<tt>R</tt> is the same as <tt>-inf < x < inf</tt> or <tt>(-inf,inf)</tt><br />
+<tt>{2,4,5}</tt> using curly braces denotes a finite set<br />
+<tt>NONE</tt> or a pair of curly braces <tt>{}</tt> means the empty set<br />
+<tt>U</tt> denotes the union of intervals
+</blockquote>
+</li>
+
+<li><u>Entering answers using inequality or interval notation:</u>
+<blockquote>
+<table border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="5">
+<tr><td>Inequality<br />Notation</td><td><font color="#FF0000">* </font>Interval<br />Notation</td><td>Remarks</td></tr>
+<tr><td><tt>x<2</tt></td><td><tt>(-infinity,2)</tt></td>
+ <td>Use rounded parentheses <nobr><tt>(</tt> or <tt>)</tt></nobr> at infinite endpoints</td></tr>
+<tr><td><tt>x>2</tt></td><td><tt>(2,infinity)</tt></td><td> </td></tr>
+<tr><td><tt>x<=2</tt></td><td><tt>(-infinity,2]</tt></td><td> </td></tr>
+<tr><td><tt>x>=2</tt></td><td><tt>[2,infinity)</tt></td><td> </td></tr>
+<tr><td><tt>0<x<=2</tt></td><td><tt>(0,2]</tt></td><td> </td></tr>
+<tr><td><nobr><tt>0<x and x<2</tt></nobr></td><td><tt>(0,2)</tt></td>
+ <td><tt>and</tt> is special</td></tr>
+<tr><td><nobr><tt>x<0 or x>2</tt></nobr></td><td><tt>(-inf,0)U(2,inf)</tt></td>
+ <td><tt>or</tt> is special<br /><tt>U</tt> denotes union</td></tr>
+<tr><td><nobr><tt>x=0 or x=2</tt></nobr></td><td><tt>{0,2}</tt></td>
+ <td>finite sets are allowed using curly braces <tt>{a,b,c}</tt></td></tr>
+<tr><td><nobr><tt>x<3 or x>3</tt></nobr></td><td><tt>(-inf,3)U(3,inf)</tt><br /><tt>x != 3</tt><br /><tt>R-{3}</tt></td><td>set differences are allowed</td></tr>
+</table>
+<br />
+<font color="#FF0000">* Some questions may not allow interval notation to be used</font>
+</blockquote>
+</li>
+
+<li><u>Tips for entering inequalities and intervals:</u>
+<blockquote>
+If an interval includes an endpoint, use square brackets: <nobr><tt>[</tt> or <tt>]</tt></nobr><br /><br />
+If an interval excludes an endpoint or an endpoint is infinite, use rounded parentheses: <nobr><tt>(</tt> or <tt>)</tt></nobr><br /><br />
+Use curly braces to enclose finite sets and commas to separate elements the set: <nobr><tt>{ -3, pi, 2/5, 0.75 }</tt></nobr><br /><br />
+All sets should be expressed in their simplest form in interval notation with no overlapping intervals. For example, <tt>[2,4]U[3,5]</tt> is not equivalent to <tt>[2,5]</tt></br /><br />
+If you are asked to find the range of a function <tt>y = f(x)</tt>, your inequality should be in terms of the variable <tt>y</tt>
+</blockquote>
+</li>
+
+</ul>
+
+</body>
+
+</html>
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+++ htdocs/helpFiles/Entering-Angles.html
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+<html>
+
+<body>
+
+<center>
+<b><font size="+2">Entering Angles</font></b>
+</center>
+
+<ul type="square">
+
+<li><u>Angles in radians without units are the default:</u>
+<blockquote>
+For an angle of 60 degrees, enter it in radians as <tt>pi/3</tt> or <tt>1.04719...</tt>, but <b>not 60</b><br />
+By default, trig functions are evaluated in radians, so <tt>cos(pi/3) = 1/2</tt>, but <tt>cos(60) = -0.9524</tt> since it is radians. You must convert degrees to radians before applying a trig function to an angle.
+</blockquote>
+</li>
+
+<li><u>Occasionally, units are required on angles:</u>
+<blockquote>
+If asked for units on an angle, enter, for example, <br />
+<tt>pi/6 rad</tt> (including rad)<br />
+<tt>30 deg</tt> (including deg)
+</blockquote>
+</li>
+
+<li><u>Examples of constants available:</u>
+<blockquote><tt>pi</tt>, <tt>e = e^1</tt></blockquote>
+</li>
+
+<li><u>Sometimes decimals are not allowed:</u>
+<blockquote>Sometimes <tt>pi/6</tt> is allowed, but <tt>0.524</tt> is not</blockquote>
+</li>
+
+<li><u>Sometimes trig functions are not allowed:</u>
+<blockquote>
+Sometimes <tt>0.866025403784</tt> is allowed, but <tt>cos(pi/6)</tt> is not
+</blockquote>
+</li>
+
+<li><a href="http://webwork.maa.org/wiki/Available_Functions" target="_new">Link to a list of all available functions</a></li>
+
+
+</ul>
+
+</body>
+
+</html>
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+++ htdocs/helpFiles/Entering-Decimals.html
@@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
+<html>
+
+<body>
+
+<center>
+<b><font size="+2">Entering decimals</font></b>
+</center>
+
+<ul type="square">
+
+<li><u>In general, give at least 5 decimal places.</u>
+<blockquote>Typically, if your answer is correct to 5 decimal places it will be marked correct, although the number of decimal places required may vary from problem to problem. When in doubt, give more decimal places.</blockquote>
+</li>
+
+<li><u>If there is more than one correct answer, enter your answers as a comma separated list.</u>
+<blockquote>
+For example, if your answers are <nobr><tt>-3/2, 4/3, 2pi, e^3, 5</tt></nobr> enter them as
+<nobr><tt>-1.5, 1.3333333, 6.2831853, 20.0855369, 5</tt></nobr>
+</blockquote>
+
+<li><u>Sometimes, fractions and certain operations are not allowed.</u>
+<blockquote>Usually, the operations that are not allowed include addition <tt>+</tt>, subtraction <tt>-</tt>, multiplication <tt>*</tt>, division <tt>/</tt>, and exponentiation <tt>^</tt> (or <tt>**</tt>). When these operations are not allowed, it is usually because you are expected to be able to simplify your answer, often without using a calculator.</blockquote>
+</li>
+
+<li><u>Sometimes, certain functions are not allowed.</u>
+<blockquote>Usually, the functions that are not allowed include square root <tt>sqrt( )</tt>, absolute value <tt>| |</tt> (or <tt>abs( )</tt>), as well as other named functions such as <tt>sin( )</tt>, <tt>ln( )</tt>, etc. When these functions are not allowed, it is usually because you are expected to be able to simplify your answer, often without using a calculator.</blockquote>
+</li>
+
+</ul>
+
+</body>
+
+</html>
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+++ htdocs/helpFiles/Entering-Syntax.html
@@ -0,0 +1,147 @@
+<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN"
+ "http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/loose.dtd">
+<html>
+<head>
+ <title>Syntax for entering answers to WeBWorK</title>
+ <meta name="generator" content="BBEdit 8.7">
+</head>
+<body>
+<h1 id="firstHeading">Syntax for entering answers to WeBWorK</h1>
+
+
+<h4> <span class="mw-headline">Mathematical Symbols Available In WeBWorK</span></h4>
+
+<ul><li> + Addition
+</li><li> - Subtraction
+</li><li> * Multiplication can also be indicated by a space or juxtaposition, e.g. 2x, 2 x or 2*x, also 2(3+4).
+</li><li> / Division
+</li><li> ^ or ** You can use either ^ or ** for exponentiation, e.g. 3^2 or 3**2
+</li><li> Parentheses: () - You can also use square brackets, [ ], and braces, { }, for grouping, e.g. [1+2]/[3(4+5)]
+</li></ul>
+<a name="Syntax_for_entering_expressions"></a><h4> <span class="mw-headline">Syntax for entering expressions</span></h4>
+<ul><li> Be careful entering expressions just as you would be careful entering expressions in a calculator.
+
+</li><li> <b>Use the "Preview Button" to see exactly how your entry
+looks. E.g. to tell the difference between 1+2/3*4 and [1+2]/[3*4]
+click the "Preview Button".</b>
+</li><li> Sometimes using the * symbol to indicate mutiplication makes
+things easier to read. For example (1+2)*(3+4) and (1+2)(3+4) are both
+valid. So are 3*4 and 3 4 (3 space 4, not 34) but using a * makes
+things clearer.
+</li><li> Use ('s and )'s to make your meaning clear. You can also use ['s and ]'s and {'s and }'s.
+</li><li> Don't enter 2/4+5 (which is 5.5) when you really want 2/(4+5) (which is 2/9).
+</li><li> Don't enter 2/3*4 (which is 8/3) when you really want 2/(3*4) (which is 2/12).
+</li><li> Entering big quotients with square brackets, e.g. [1+2+3+4]/[5+6+7+8], is a good practice.
+</li><li> Be careful when entering functions. It's always good practice
+to use parentheses when entering functions. Write sin(t) instead of
+sint or sin t even though WeBWorK is smart enough to <b>usually</b> accept sin t or even sint. For example, sin 2t is interpreted as sin(2)t, i.e. (sin(2))*t so be careful.
+
+</li><li> You can enter sin^2(t) as a short cut although mathematically
+speaking sin^2(t) is shorthand for (sin(t))^2(the square of sin of t).
+(You can enter it as sin(t)^2 or even sint^2, but don't try such things
+unless you <b>really</b> understand the precedence of operations. The
+"sin" operation has highest precedence, so it is performed first, using
+the next token (i.e. t) as an argument. Then the result is squared.)
+You can always use the Preview button to see a typeset version of what
+you entered and check whether what you wrote was what you
+meant. :-)
+</li><li> For example 2+3sin^2(4x) will work and is equivalent to
+2+3(sin(4x))^2 or 2+3sin(4x)^2. Why does the last expression work?
+Because things in parentheses are always done first [ i.e. (4x)], next
+all functions, such as sin, are evaluated [giving sin(4x)], next all
+exponents are taken [giving sin(4x)^2], next all multiplications and
+divisions are performed in order from left to right [giving
+3sin(4x)^2], and finally all additions and subtractions are performed
+[giving 2+3sin(4x)^2].
+</li><li> Is -5^2 positive or negative? It's negative. This is because
+the square operation is done before the negative sign is applied. Use
+(-5)^2 if you want to square negative 5.
+</li><li> When in doubt use parentheses!!! :-)
+</li><li> The complete rules for the precedence of operations, in addition to the above, are
+<ul><li> Multiplications and divisions are performed left to right: 2/3*4 = (2/3)*4 = 8/3.
+
+</li><li> Additions and subtractions are performed left to right: 1-2+3 = (1-2)+3 = 2.
+</li><li> Exponents are taken right to left: 2^3^4 = 2^(3^4) = 2^81 = a big number.
+</li></ul>
+</li><li> <b>Use the "Preview Button" to see exactly how your entry
+looks. E.g. to tell the difference between 1+2/3*4 and [1+2]/[3*4]
+click the "Preview Button".</b>
+</li></ul>
+<a name="Mathematical_Constants_Available_In_WeBWorK"></a><h4> <span class="mw-headline">Mathematical Constants Available In WeBWorK</span></h4>
+<ul><li> pi This gives 3.14159265358979, e.g. cos(pi) is -1
+</li><li> e This gives 2.71828182845905, e.g. ln(e*2) is 1 + ln(2)
+</li></ul>
+
+<a name="Scientific_Notation_Available_In_WeBWorK"></a><h4> <span class="mw-headline">Scientific Notation Available In WeBWorK</span></h4>
+<ul><li> 2.1E2 is the same as 210
+</li><li> 2.1E-2 is the same as .021
+</li></ul>
+<a name="Mathematical_Functions_Available_In_WeBWorK"></a><h4> <span class="mw-headline">Mathematical Functions Available In WeBWorK</span></h4>
+<p>Note that sometimes one or more of these functions is disabled for a WeBWorK problem because the
+instructor wants you to calculate the answer by some means other than just using the function.
+</p>
+<ul><li> abs( ) The absolute value
+</li><li> cos( ) Note: cos( ) uses radian measure
+
+</li><li> sin( ) Note: sin( ) uses radian measure
+</li><li> tan( ) Note: tan( ) uses radian measure
+</li><li> sec( ) Note: sec( ) uses radian measure
+</li><li> cot( ) Note: cot( ) uses radian measure
+</li><li> csc( ) Note: csc( ) uses radian measure
+</li><li> exp( ) The same function as e^x
+</li><li> log( ) This is usually the natural log but your professor may have redined this as log to the base 10
+</li><li> ln( ) The natural log
+</li><li> logten( ) The log to the base 10
+
+</li><li> arcsin( )
+</li><li> asin( ) or sin^-1() Another name for arcsin
+</li><li> arccos( )
+</li><li> acos( ) or cos^-1() Another name for arccos
+</li><li> arctan( )
+</li><li> atan( ) or tan^-1() Another name for arctan
+</li><li> arccot( )
+</li><li> acot( ) or cot^-1() Another name for arccot
+</li><li> arcsec( )
+
+</li><li> asec( ) or sec^-1() Another name for arcsec
+</li><li> arccsc( )
+</li><li> acsc( ) or csc^-1() Another name for arccsc
+</li><li> sinh( )
+</li><li> cosh( )
+</li><li> tanh( )
+</li><li> sech( )
+</li><li> csch( )
+</li><li> coth( )
+
+</li><li> arcsinh( )
+</li><li> asinh( ) or sinh^-1() Another name for arcsinh
+</li><li> arccosh( )
+</li><li> acosh( ) or cosh^-1()Another name for arccosh
+</li><li> arctanh( )
+</li><li> atanh( ) or tanh^-1()Another name for arctanh
+</li><li> arcsech( )
+</li><li> asech( ) or sech^-1()Another name for arcsech
+</li><li> arccsch( )
+
+</li><li> acsch( ) or csch^-1() Another name for arccsch
+</li><li> arccoth( )
+</li><li> acoth( ) or coth^-1() Another name for arccoth
+</li><li> sqrt( )
+</li><li> n! (n factorial -- defined for <span class="typeset"><nobr><span class="scale"><span style="position: relative;"><span style="position: absolute; top: -0.131em; left: 0em;"><span class="cmmi10">n</span><span style="position: relative; margin-left: 0.277em;"><span class="cmsy10">Ãâ¢</span></span><span style="position: relative; margin-left: 0.277em;"><span class="cmr10">0</span></span> </span><span class="blank" style="width: 2.429em; height: 0.722em; vertical-align: 0.722em;"></span></span><span class="blank" style="height: 0.93em; vertical-align: 0.744em;"></span></span></nobr></span>
+</li><li> These functions may not always be available for every problem.
+<ul><li> sgn( ) The sign function, either -1, 0, or 1
+
+</li><li> step( ) The step function (0 if <span class="typeset"><nobr><span class="scale"><span style="position: relative;"><span style="position: absolute; top: -0.131em; left: 0em;"><span class="cmmi10">x</span><span style="position: relative; margin-left: 0.277em;"><span class="cmmi10"><</span></span><span style="position: relative; margin-left: 0.277em;"><span class="cmr10">0</span></span> </span><span class="blank" style="width: 2.429em; height: 0.722em; vertical-align: 0.722em;"></span></span><span class="blank" style="height: 0.833em; vertical-align: 0.744em;"></span></span></nobr></span>, 1 if <span class="typeset"><nobr><span class="scale"><span style="position: relative;"><span style="position: absolute; top: -0.131em; left: 0em;"><span class="cmmi10">x</span><span style="position: relative; margin-left: 0.277em;"><span class="cmsy10">Ãâ¢</span></span><span style="position: relative; margin-left: 0.277em;"><span class="cmr10">0</span></span> </span><span class="blank" style="width: 2.429em; height: 0.722em; vertical-align: 0.722em;"></span></span><span class="blank" style="height: 0.93em; vertical-align: 0.744em;"></span></span></nobr></span>)
+</li><li> fact(n) The factorial function n! (defined only for nonnegative integers)
+</li><li> P(n,k) = n*(n-1)*(n-2)...(n-k+1) the number of ordered sequences of k elements chosen from n elements
+</li><li> C(n,k) = "n choose k" the number of unordered sequences of k elements chosen from n elements
+</li></ul>
+</li></ul>
+
+For more information:
+
+<a href="http://webwork.maa.org/wiki/Available_Functions">http://webwork.maa.org/wiki/Available_Functions</a>
+
+
+</body>
+</html>
--- /dev/null
+++ htdocs/helpFiles/Entering-Points.html
@@ -0,0 +1,48 @@
+<html>
+
+<body>
+
+<center>
+<b><font size="+2">Entering Points</font></b>
+</center>
+
+<ul type="square">
+
+<li><u>A point must use parentheses and commas:</u>
+<blockquote>
+<tt>(4.5, 3/7)</tt> is a valid point in 2 dimensions<br />
+<tt>(pi,e,2)</tt> is a valid point in 3 dimensions
+</blockquote>
+</li>
+
+<li><u>If the answer is more than one point:</u>
+<blockquote>
+Enter your answer as a comma-separated list of points, for example:
+<tt>(4,3), (5,10)</tt>
+</blockquote>
+</li>
+
+<li><u>If there are no solutions:</u>
+<blockquote>
+Enter <tt>NONE</tt> or <tt>DNE</tt> (this may vary from problem to problem)
+</blockquote>
+</li>
+
+<li><u>Examples of constants used in points:</u>
+<blockquote><tt>pi</tt>, <tt>e = e^1</tt></blockquote>
+</li>
+
+<li><u>Functions may be used in each coordinate of a point, but may not be applied across the parentheses or commas:</u>
+<blockquote>
+<tt>(sqrt(2),sqrt(5))</tt> is valid, but <tt>(sqrt(2,5))</tt> is not
+<br />
+<br />
+<a href="http://webwork.maa.org/wiki/Available_Functions" target="_new">Link to a list of all available functions</a>
+</blockquote>
+</li>
+
+</ul>
+
+</body>
+
+</html>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+++ htdocs/helpFiles/Entering-Numbers.html
@@ -0,0 +1,43 @@
+<html>
+
+<body>
+
+<center>
+<b><font size="+2">Entering numbers</font></b>
+</center>
+
+<ul type="square">
+
+<li><u>Examples of (real) numbers include:</u>
+<blockquote><tt>4, 5/2, -1/3, pi/3, e^3, 3.1415926535, sqrt(2) = 2^(1/2), ln(2), sin(2pi/3)</tt></blockquote>
+</li>
+
+<li><u>If there is more than one correct answer, enter your answers as a comma separated list.</u>
+<blockquote>
+For example, enter <nobr><tt>-1.5, 4/3, 2pi, e^3, 5</tt></nobr><br />
+Do not use commas in large numbers: enter <tt>4321</tt> (not <tt>4,321</tt>)
+</blockquote>
+
+<li><u>If there are no solutions:</u>
+<blockquote>
+Enter <tt>NONE</tt> or <tt>DNE</tt> (this may vary from problem to problem)
+</blockquote>
+</li>
+
+<li><u>If your answer is a decimal, give at least 5 decimal places.</u>
+<blockquote>Typically, if your answer is correct to 5 decimal places it will be marked correct, although the number of decimal places required may vary from problem to problem. When in doubt, give more decimal places.</blockquote>
+</li>
+
+<li><u>Sometimes, fractions and certain operations are not allowed.</u>
+<blockquote>Usually, the operations that are not allowed include addition <tt>+</tt>, subtraction <tt>-</tt>, multiplication <tt>*</tt>, division <tt>/</tt>, and exponentiation <tt>^</tt> (or <tt>**</tt>). When these operations are not allowed, it is usually because you are expected to be able to simplify your answer, often without using a calculator.</blockquote>
+</li>
+
+<li><u>Sometimes, certain functions are not allowed.</u>
+<blockquote>Usually, the functions that are not allowed include square root <tt>sqrt( )</tt>, absolute value <tt>| |</tt> (or <tt>abs( )</tt>), as well as other named functions such as <tt>sin( )</tt>, <tt>ln( )</tt>, etc. When these functions are not allowed, it is usually because you are expected to be able to simplify your answer, often without using a calculator.</blockquote>
+</li>
+
+</ul>
+
+</body>
+
+</html>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+++ htdocs/helpFiles/Entering-Logarithms.html
@@ -0,0 +1,55 @@
+<html>
+
+<body>
+
+<center>
+<b><font size="+2">Entering Logarithms</font></b>
+</center>
+
+<ul type="square">
+
+<li><u>Entering natural logarithms:</u> <tt>ln(x)</tt> or <tt>log(x)</tt>
+<blockquote>
+The default is that <tt>ln(x)</tt> and <tt>log(x)</tt> are <b>both</b> the natural log function. (Although unlikely, your professor may have changed the default setting for your course.)
+</blockquote>
+</li>
+
+<li><u>Entering base 10 logarithms:</u> <tt>log10(x)</tt> or <tt>logten(x)</tt>
+<blockquote>
+The default is that <tt>log10(x)</tt> and <tt>logten(x)</tt> are <b>both</b> the base 10 logarithm function. (Although unlikely, your professor may have changed the default setting for your course.)
+</blockquote>
+</li>
+
+<li><u>Entering logarithms base b:</u> <tt>ln(x)/ln(b)</tt> or <tt>log10(x)/log10(b)</tt>
+<blockquote>
+WeBWorK does not recognize logarithms to other bases, so you must use the change of base formula for logarithms to enter your answer. For example, enter log base 2 of x as
+<br /><br />
+<tt>ln(x)/ln(2)</tt> or <tt>log10(x)/log10(2)</tt>
+</blockquote>
+</li>
+
+<li><u>Put parentheses around the arguments to logs:</u>
+<blockquote>
+<tt>ln(2x+8)</tt> and <tt>ln2x+8 = ln(2)*x+8</tt> are very different.
+</blockquote>
+</li>
+
+<li><u>Sometimes logarithms must be simplified or expanded:</u>
+<blockquote>
+For example, the required answer may be <tt>ln(6) + ln(x)</tt> or <tt>ln(6x)</tt>
+</blockquote>
+</li>
+
+<li><u>Sometimes, certain operations are not allowed.</u>
+<blockquote>Usually, the operations that are not allowed include addition <tt>+</tt>, subtraction <tt>-</tt>, multiplication <tt>*</tt>, division <tt>/</tt>, and exponentiation <tt>^</tt> (or <tt>**</tt>). When these operations are not allowed, it is usually because you are expected to be able to simplify your answer, often without using a calculator.</blockquote>
+</li>
+
+<li><u>Sometimes, certain functions are not allowed.</u>
+<blockquote>Usually, the functions that are not allowed include square root <tt>sqrt( )</tt>, absolute value <tt>| |</tt> (or <tt>abs( )</tt>), as well as other named functions such as <tt>sin( )</tt>, <tt>ln( )</tt>, etc. When these functions are not allowed, it is usually because you are expected to be able to simplify your answer, often without using a calculator.</blockquote>
+</li>
+
+</ul>
+
+</body>
+
+</html>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+++ htdocs/helpFiles/Entering-Intervals.html
@@ -0,0 +1,73 @@
+<html>
+<head>
+<title>WeBWorK Help: Interval Notation</title>
+</head>
+<body bgcolor=#ffffff text=#000000 link=#0000cc
+vlink=#551a8b alink=#ff0000 onLoad=sf()>
+
+<h4 align="center">
+Using Interval Notation
+</h4>
+
+<ul>
+
+<li> If an endpoint is included, then use <tt>[</tt> or <tt>]</tt>.
+If not, then use <tt>(</tt> or <tt>)</tt>. For example, the interval
+from -3 to 7 that includes 7 but not -3 is expressed <tt>(-3,7]</tt>.
+
+
+<br>
+<br>
+
+<li> For infinite intervals, use <tt>Inf</tt>
+for <font size="+2">∞</font> (infinity) and/or
+<tt>-Inf</tt> for <font size="+2">-∞</font> (-Infinity). For
+example, the infinite interval containing all points greater than or
+equal to 6 is expressed <tt>[6,Inf)</tt>.
+
+
+<br>
+<br>
+
+<li> If the set includes more than one interval, they are joined using the union
+symbol U. For example, the set consisting of all points in (-3,7] together with all points in [-8,-5) is expressed <code>[-8,-5)U(-3,7]</code>.
+
+<br>
+<br>
+
+<li> If the answer is the empty set, you can specify that by using
+ braces with nothing inside: <code> { } </code>
+
+<br>
+
+<br>
+
+<li> You can use <code>R</code> as a shorthand for all real numbers.
+ So, it is equivalent to entering <code>(-Inf, Inf)</code>.
+
+<br>
+<br>
+
+<li> You can use set difference notation. So, for all real numbers
+ except 3, you can use <code>R-{3}</code> or
+ <code>(-Inf, 3)U(3,Inf)</code> (they are the same). Similarly,
+ <code>[1,10)-{3,4}</code> is the same as <code>[1,3)U(3,4)U(4,10)</code>.
+
+
+<br>
+<br>
+
+
+<li> WeBWorK will <b>not</b> interpret <tt>[2,4]U[3,5]</tt> as equivalent
+ to <tt>[2,5]</tt>, unless a problem tells you otherwise.
+All sets should be expressed in their simplest interval notation form, with no
+overlapping intervals.
+
+</ul>
+
+<script language="JavaScript">
+document.write(" <center> <p><input type=\"button\" value=\"Close this window\" name=\"close\" onClick=\"window.close()\"></p> </center> ");
+
+</script>
+
+</body></html>
--- /dev/null
+++ htdocs/helpFiles/Entering-Vectors.html
@@ -0,0 +1,56 @@
+<html>
+
+<body>
+
+<center>
+<b><font size="+2">Entering Vectors</font></b>
+</center>
+
+<ul type="square">
+
+<li><u>Predefined vectors i, j, and k</u>
+<blockquote>
+<tt>i</tt> is the same as <tt><1,0,0></tt><br />
+<tt>j</tt> is the same as <tt><0,1,0></tt><br />
+<tt>k</tt> is the same as <tt><0,0,1></tt><br />
+</blockquote>
+</li>
+
+<li><u>A vector may be entered using angle brackes and commas, or adding multiples of i, j, and k:</u>
+<blockquote>
+<tt><4.5, 3/7></tt> and <tt>4.5i + 3/7j</tt> are valid vectors in 2 dimensions<br />
+<tt><pi,e,2></tt> and <tt>pi i + e j + 2 k</tt> are valid vectors in 3 dimensions
+</blockquote>
+</li>
+
+<li><u>If the answer is more than one vector:</u>
+<blockquote>
+Enter your answer as a comma-separated list of vectors, for example:
+<tt><4,3>, <5,10></tt>
+</blockquote>
+</li>
+
+<li><u>If there are no solutions:</u>
+<blockquote>
+Enter <tt>NONE</tt> or <tt>DNE</tt> (this may vary from problem to problem)
+</blockquote>
+</li>
+
+<li><u>Examples of constants used in vectors:</u>
+<blockquote><tt>pi</tt>, <tt>e = e^1</tt></blockquote>
+</li>
+
+<li><u>Functions may be used in each coordinate of a vector, but may not be applied across the parentheses or commas:</u>
+<blockquote>
+<tt><sqrt(2),sqrt(5)></tt> is valid, but <tt><sqrt(2,5)></tt> is not
+<br />
+<br />
+<a href="http://webwork.maa.org/wiki/Available_Functions" target="_new">Link to a list of all available functions</a>
+</blockquote>
+</li>
+
+</ul>
+
+</body>
+
+</html>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+++ htdocs/helpFiles/Entering-Fractions.html
@@ -0,0 +1,62 @@
+<html>
+
+<body>
+
+<center>
+<b><font size="+2">Entering fractions</font></b>
+</center>
+
+<ul type="square">
+
+<li><u>Examples of fractions, which are of the form a / b for non-decimal numbers a and b that have no common factors, include:</u>
+<blockquote>
+<tt>5/2, -1/3, pi/3, 4, sqrt(2)/2</tt>
+</blockquote>
+</li>
+
+<li><u>Examples of fractions that can be simplified include:</u>
+<blockquote>
+<tt>15/6, (3-4)/3, 2*pi/6, (16/2)/2</tt>
+</blockquote>
+</li>
+
+<li><u>Sometimes decimals are not allowed:</u>
+<blockquote>
+Allowed: <tt>5/2, -1/3, pi/3, 4, sqrt(2)/2, 2^(1/2)</tt><br />
+Not allowed: <tt>2.5, -0.33333, 3.14159/3, 0.707106/2, 2^(0.5)</tt>
+</blockquote>
+</li>
+
+<li><u>Sometimes a mixed fraction is required:</u>
+<blockquote>Enter <tt>1 2/3</tt> (for 1 and 2/3) with a space between the 1 and the 2 instead of <tt>5/3</tt></blockquote>
+</li>
+
+<li><u>Sometimes, you must make an integer into a fraction:</u>
+<blockquote>Enter <tt>4/1</tt> instead of <tt>4</tt></blockquote>
+</li>
+
+<li><u>If there is more than one correct answer, enter your answers as a comma separated list.</u>
+<blockquote>
+For example, if your answers are <nobr><tt>-3/2, 4/3, 2pi, e^3, 5</tt></nobr> enter
+<nobr><tt>3/2, 4/3, 2*pi, e^3, 5</tt></nobr>
+</blockquote>
+
+<li><u>If there are no solutions:</u>
+<blockquote>
+Enter <tt>NONE</tt> or <tt>DNE</tt> (this may vary from problem to problem)
+</blockquote>
+</li>
+
+<li><u>Sometimes, certain operations are not allowed.</u>
+<blockquote>Usually, the operations that are not allowed include addition <tt>+</tt>, subtraction <tt>-</tt>, multiplication <tt>*</tt>, and exponentiation <tt>^</tt> (or <tt>**</tt>). When these operations are not allowed, it is usually because you are expected to be able to simplify your answer, often without using a calculator.</blockquote>
+</li>
+
+<li><u>Sometimes, certain functions are not allowed.</u>
+<blockquote>Usually, the functions that are not allowed include square root <tt>sqrt( )</tt>, absolute value <tt>| |</tt> (or <tt>abs( )</tt>), as well as other named functions such as <tt>sin( )</tt>, <tt>ln( )</tt>, etc. When these functions are not allowed, it is usually because you are expected to be able to simplify your answer, often without using a calculator.</blockquote>
+</li>
+
+</ul>
+
+</body>
+
+</html>
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--- /dev/null
+++ htdocs/helpFiles/Entering-Limits.html
@@ -0,0 +1,59 @@
+<html>
+
+<body>
+
+<center>
+<b><font size="+2">Entering Limits</font></b>
+</center>
+
+<ul type="square">
+
+<li><u>Limits whose values are numbers:</u>
+<blockquote>
+For example, lim<sub>x → ∞</sub> arctan(x) = π/2, so you would enter <tt>pi/2</tt>
+</blockquote>
+</li>
+
+<li><u>Limits whose values are infinite:</u>
+<blockquote>
+Enter <tt>infinity</tt>, <tt>inf</tt>, <tt>-infinity</tt>, <tt>-inf</tt>
+</blockquote>
+</li>
+
+<li><u>Limits that don't exist:</u>
+<blockquote>
+Enter <tt>DNE</tt> or <tt>NONE</tt> (this may vary from question to question)
+</blockquote>
+</li>
+
+<li><u>Limits whose value is a function:</u>
+<blockquote>
+Enter the function using appropriate syntax, for example:<br />
+<tt>sqrt(x) = x^(1/2)</tt>, <tt>abs(x) = | x |</tt><br />
+<tt>2^x, e^x, ln(x), log10(x)</tt> <br />
+<tt>sin(x), cos(x), tan(x), csc(x), sec(x), cot(x)</tt><br />
+<tt>arcsin(x) = asin(x) = sin^(-1)(x)</tt><br />
+<tt>arccos(x) = acos(x) = cos^(-1)(x)</tt><br />
+<tt>arctan(x) = atan(x) = tan^(-1)(x)</tt><br />
+</blockquote>
+</li>
+
+<li><u>Sometimes answers must be simplified:</u>
+<blockquote>
+For example, <tt>6x+5-2x+7</tt> should be simplified to <tt>4x+12</tt>
+</blockquote>
+</li>
+
+<li><u>Sometimes, certain operations are not allowed.</u>
+<blockquote>Usually, the operations that are not allowed include addition <tt>+</tt>, subtraction <tt>-</tt>, multiplication <tt>*</tt>, division <tt>/</tt>, and exponentiation <tt>^</tt> (or <tt>**</tt>). When these operations are not allowed, it is usually because you are expected to be able to simplify your answer, often without using a calculator.</blockquote>
+</li>
+
+<li><u>Sometimes, certain functions are not allowed.</u>
+<blockquote>Usually, the functions that are not allowed include square root <tt>sqrt( )</tt>, absolute value <tt>| |</tt> (or <tt>abs( )</tt>), as well as other named functions such as <tt>sin( )</tt>, <tt>ln( )</tt>, etc. When these functions are not allowed, it is usually because you are expected to be able to simplify your answer, often without using a calculator.</blockquote>
+</li>
+
+</ul>
+
+</body>
+
+</html>
\ No newline at end of file
|
