numpy-discussion — Discussion list for all users of Numerical Python

[Numpy-discussion] rationalizing functions that return number of elements

[Russell E O. <rowen@u.washington.edu>]

I'm hoping we might rationalize the names of functions that return 
the number of elements in an array and fix the associated help 
strings. At present we have:

numarray function size(array, axis=None)
   Seems to return # of elements in array, or in a particular axis,
   but its help says something else:
   "size  returns the size in bytes of an array."

numarray.ma has function size(a, axis=None)
   Seems the same as numarray.size but the help is wrong,
   and in a different way:
   "returns shape tuple for 'a'.  MaskedArray version."

nummarray.ma arrays have method "size(seolf, axis=None):
   The same as the others and correctly documented:
   "Number of elements in array, or in a particular axis."

numarray arrays have method nelements()
   The same as "size" above, but has no axis argument:
   "nelements() -> total number of elements in array."

I strongly encourage you to settle on one name (and one
argument list, i.e. with "axis"). The current situation
forces one to treat ma arrays differently than normal arrays
in an area where there's no need for such a difference.
It is also confusing.

"size" is a perfectly good name and is already used
in 3 out of 4 cases, so adopting it will break the
least existing code and deprecate only one odd method.

On the other hand, "nelements" has the advantage
that it is less ambiguous (based on the incorrect help
strings). So if you really think it's worth the pain
you could switch to that.

My personal leaning is towards "size", but it's not
my decision.

By the way, "itemsize" already exists as an
array method, so "size" is NOT needed for that
(and would be a wretched choice--ambigious and
the potential to mysteriously break existing code).

-- Russell

P.S. I reported "nelements" as PR 934514
<http://sourceforge.net/tracker/index.php?func=detail&aid=934514&group_id=1369&atid=450446>
and the incorrect help strings as PR 944678
<http://sourceforge.net/tracker/index.php?func=detail&aid=944678&group_id=1369&atid=450446>

P.P.S. here's a log showing the tests that convinced me size works as 
I said, not as the help strings say:
>>>  a = num.array([[1.1, 2.2, 3.3], [4.4, 5.5, 6.6]])
>>>  a
array([[ 1.1,  2.2,  3.3],
        [ 4.4,  5.5,  6.6]])
>>>  numarray.size(a)
6
>>>  numarray.size(a, 1)
3
>>>  aa = numarray.ma.array(a)
>>>  numarray.ma.size(aa)
6
>>>  numarray.ma.size(aa, 1)
3
>>>  aa.size()
6
>>>  aa.size(1)
3
>>>  a.nelements()
6

Re: [Numpy-discussion] numarray on 64 bits

[Todd M. <jm...@st...>]

On Thu, 2004-04-29 at 03:51, Marc Poinot wrote:
> Did anybody use numarray on a 64 bits platform ? 

Numarray has been used on Compaq Alpha/Tru64 and also SGI Altix,  but
neither is an everyday platform for us at STScI.

> (e.g. SGI/Irix)
> The package works on our 64 bits platforms... using 32 bits mode,
> but not using 64 mode. Big crash in _ufunc... 

This is probably a bug which has was created since we dropped Tru64 at
STScI.  A gdb traceback would be useful here to help understand where
the crash occurred.  Generally, crashes result from the improper use of
ints/longs in the numarray C-code.  

> Is there a flag to set somewhere, trick, hint, noway ?

There's really only one flag that matters for 64-bit operation on UNIX:
LP64.  It's controlled/propagated in the file generate.py.  LP64 asserts
that longs and pointers are 64-bit, while ints remain 32-bit. I imagine
you've already set this.

Regards, 
Todd

-- 
Todd Miller <jm...@st...>

[Numpy-discussion] numarray on 64 bits

[Marc P. <Mar...@on...>]

Did anybody use numarray on a 64 bits platform ? (e.g. SGI/Irix)
The package works on our 64 bits platforms... using 32 bits mode,
but not using 64 mode. Big crash in _ufunc... Is there a flag to
set somewhere, trick, hint, noway ?

-MP- 
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Re: [Numpy-discussion] Numarrays from C arrays without copying

[Todd M. <jm...@st...>]

On Thu, 2004-04-22 at 14:34, Craig Rasmussen wrote:
> On Apr 22, 2004, at 10:57 AM, Todd Miller wrote:
> 
> >> This is what PyArray_FromDimsAndData was for, and I believe it is 
> >> fairly
> >> heavily used.
> >
> > That's good to know.  I was just discussing with Perry how to expand 
> > the
> > C-API to support this stuff.  Perhaps we don't have to.
> 
> So is there an equivalent NA_FromDimsAndData?

No.  I was making the mistake of thinking there needed to be.

>   I have been using
> PyArray_FromDimsAndData.

That's fine and should basically work.  

Between numarray and Numeric there is currently the not-so-subtle
difference that numarray copies the external data buffer and Numeric
just refers to it.

This is a documented difference,  but my vote is for changing in favor
of better functionality and Numeric compatibility.  I'll probably just
quietly change it unless there is a deluge of dissenters...

-- 
Todd Miller <jm...@st...>

Re: [Numpy-discussion] Numarrays from C arrays without copying

[Todd M. <jm...@st...>]

On Thu, 2004-04-22 at 14:32, Craig Rasmussen wrote:
> On Apr 22, 2004, at 10:46 AM, Sebastian Haase wrote:
> 
> >    obj = PyBuffer_FromReadWriteMemory(theRing.bufferPtr(),
> > theRing.bufferSize());
> >    obj2 =(PyObject*) NA_NewAllFromBuffer( 4, shape, tUInt16, obj, 0, 0,
> > NA_ByteOrder(), 1, 1/*writable*/) ;
> 
> It looks like this will work.
> 

It'll definitely work.  I'd forgotten about it.

> I thought Todd had been saying that this wasn't possible.  Perhaps I
> did not phrase my question very well when I asked earlier.

Nope,  your question was fine.

I'm hopeful that PyArray_FromDimsAndData can be improved 
so that this becomes easier for numarray-1.0.

Regards,
Todd
-- 
Todd Miller <jm...@st...>

Re: [Numpy-discussion] Numarrays from C arrays without copying

[Craig R. <cra...@la...>]

On Apr 22, 2004, at 10:57 AM, Todd Miller wrote:

>> This is what PyArray_FromDimsAndData was for, and I believe it is 
>> fairly
>> heavily used.
>
> That's good to know.  I was just discussing with Perry how to expand 
> the
> C-API to support this stuff.  Perhaps we don't have to.

So is there an equivalent NA_FromDimsAndData?  I have been using
PyArray_FromDimsAnd Data.

Craig

Re: [Numpy-discussion] Numarrays from C arrays without copying

[Craig R. <cra...@la...>]

On Apr 22, 2004, at 10:46 AM, Sebastian Haase wrote:

>    obj = PyBuffer_FromReadWriteMemory(theRing.bufferPtr(),
> theRing.bufferSize());
>    obj2 =(PyObject*) NA_NewAllFromBuffer( 4, shape, tUInt16, obj, 0, 0,
> NA_ByteOrder(), 1, 1/*writable*/) ;

It looks like this will work.

I thought Todd had been saying that this wasn't possible.  Perhaps I
did not phrase my question very well when I asked earlier.

Thanks,
Craig

Re: [Numpy-discussion] Numarrays from C arrays without copying

[Ville H. <ville@e.math.helsinki.fi>]

On Thu, Apr 22, 2004 at 09:10:07AM -0400, Todd Miller wrote:
> No, not yet.  You're not the first person to ask for this but I'd
> appreciate it if you'd explain why you need it.  So far,  not having
> that feature is a conscious omission to keep complexity down.

First I managed not to reply to numpy-discussion, so here we go again:

We are building a Python interface to PETSc 2.2
(http://www-unix.mcs.anl.gov/petsc/petsc-2/) using SWIG. It would
be very convenient to access the part of a PETSc vector that is
local to a process(or) using Numarray.

Other options would be to just write functions to access the part
of a vector independently of Numarray or to figure out whether one
could tell PETSc to use the memory area allocated by Numarray.
-- 
Ville

Re: [Numpy-discussion] Numarrays from C arrays without copying

[Todd M. <jm...@st...>]

On Thu, 2004-04-22 at 11:47, Paul F. Dubois wrote:
> This is what PyArray_FromDimsAndData was for, and I believe it is fairly 
> heavily used.

That's good to know.  I was just discussing with Perry how to expand the
C-API to support this stuff.  Perhaps we don't have to.

> Todd Miller wrote:
> > On Thu, 2004-04-22 at 08:51, Ville Hakulinen wrote:
> > 
> >>Dear all,
> >>
> >>I would like to turn a large C array allocated by a library into a
> >>Numarray object without copying the contents. In other words I have
> >>a given array of double precision floats and I want to get a Numarray
> >>object, where the data pointer points to this array and no additional
> >>memory is allocated. Naturally when the reference count of the Numarray
> >>object gets back to zero, the object is freed, but the array itself
> >>is left as a nuisance for the C code.
> >>
> >>Is there a standard way of doing this?
> > 
> > 
> > No, not yet.  You're not the first person to ask for this but I'd
> > appreciate it if you'd explain why you need it.  So far,  not having
> > that feature is a conscious omission to keep complexity down.
> > 
> > Regards,
> > Todd
> > 
-- 
Todd Miller <jm...@st...>

Re: [Numpy-discussion] Numarrays from C arrays without copying

[Sebastian H. <ha...@ms...>]

Hi Craig,
I am sharing arrays between C and Python numarray (w/o any copying) for more 
than a year by now - please check my postings and (mostly) Todd's replys on 
this list. The code looks mostly like this:
<code sniplet>
 int shape[4]= { n,nCams,pic_ny,pic_nx };
   PyObject *obj, *obj2;

   obj = PyBuffer_FromReadWriteMemory(theRing.bufferPtr(), 
theRing.bufferSize());
   obj2 =(PyObject*) NA_NewAllFromBuffer( 4, shape, tUInt16, obj, 0, 0, 
NA_ByteOrder(), 1, 1/*writable*/) ;
   wxASSERT(obj != NULL);
   wxASSERT(obj2 != NULL);
   PyDict_SetItemString(globals, "ring", obj2);
   Py_XDECREF(obj);
   Py_XDECREF(obj2);
</code sniplet>
It even works with records arrays!
Luckily my arrays stay (mostly) around until the program quits. 
So I also don't have a good answer for 'who should free the memory?'

As far as numarray/Python concerns - once it's reference counter goes to zero 
- a 'delete[]' would be needed if the array was allocated with a C++ 'new' 
but a 'free()' is required if the memory got "malloc()'ed" in C.
Our internal discussion here found that the only real solution to this might 
be to extend numarray's object structure by a functions pointer 
('callToKill') and also an  argument pointer (the array should be delete'd or 
free'd).
But then we felt this might be to much to ask (to much of a change / overhead) 
that this proposal would not get accepted - so we choose to not bring it up.
Please comment,
Regards
Sebastian Haase





On Thursday 22 April 2004 07:28 am, Craig Rasmussen wrote:
> On Apr 22, 2004, at 7:10 AM, Todd Miller wrote:
> >> I would like to turn a large C array allocated by a library into a
> >> Numarray object without copying the contents. In other words I have
> >> a given array of double precision floats and I want to get a Numarray
> >> object, where the data pointer points to this array and no additional
> >> memory is allocated. Naturally when the reference count of the
> >> Numarray
> >> object gets back to zero, the object is freed, but the array itself
> >> is left as a nuisance for the C code.
> >>
> >> Is there a standard way of doing this?
> >
> > No, not yet.  You're not the first person to ask for this but I'd
> > appreciate it if you'd explain why you need it.  So far,  not having
> > that feature is a conscious omission to keep complexity down.
>
> The reason I need this is two fold:
>
> 1. I want to export to Python existing Fortran arrays.  If you want
> Fortran and Python to share array memory, you can't always expect
> Fortran programmers to use memory allocated in Python.  In fact,
> since there is no standards conforming way to associate a Fortran
> array pointer with Python memory, you have to do the opposite,
> associate a Python array with Fortran memory.
>
> 2. In the CoArray Python module, we MUST use special memory
> allocators that are parallel aware.
>
> Because of these requirements, our only choice is to use Numeric.
>
> Regards,
> Craig

Re: [Numpy-discussion] Numarrays from C arrays without copying

[Craig R. <cra...@la...>]

On Apr 22, 2004, at 7:10 AM, Todd Miller wrote:

>> I would like to turn a large C array allocated by a library into a
>> Numarray object without copying the contents. In other words I have
>> a given array of double precision floats and I want to get a Numarray
>> object, where the data pointer points to this array and no additional
>> memory is allocated. Naturally when the reference count of the 
>> Numarray
>> object gets back to zero, the object is freed, but the array itself
>> is left as a nuisance for the C code.
>>
>> Is there a standard way of doing this?
>
> No, not yet.  You're not the first person to ask for this but I'd
> appreciate it if you'd explain why you need it.  So far,  not having
> that feature is a conscious omission to keep complexity down.

The reason I need this is two fold:

1. I want to export to Python existing Fortran arrays.  If you want
Fortran and Python to share array memory, you can't always expect
Fortran programmers to use memory allocated in Python.  In fact,
since there is no standards conforming way to associate a Fortran
array pointer with Python memory, you have to do the opposite,
associate a Python array with Fortran memory.

2. In the CoArray Python module, we MUST use special memory
allocators that are parallel aware.

Because of these requirements, our only choice is to use Numeric.

Regards,
Craig

Re: [Numpy-discussion] Numarrays from C arrays without copying

[Todd M. <jm...@st...>]

On Thu, 2004-04-22 at 08:51, Ville Hakulinen wrote:
> Dear all,
> 
> I would like to turn a large C array allocated by a library into a
> Numarray object without copying the contents. In other words I have
> a given array of double precision floats and I want to get a Numarray
> object, where the data pointer points to this array and no additional
> memory is allocated. Naturally when the reference count of the Numarray
> object gets back to zero, the object is freed, but the array itself
> is left as a nuisance for the C code.
> 
> Is there a standard way of doing this?

No, not yet.  You're not the first person to ask for this but I'd
appreciate it if you'd explain why you need it.  So far,  not having
that feature is a conscious omission to keep complexity down.

Regards,
Todd

-- 
Todd Miller <jm...@st...>

[Numpy-discussion] Numarrays from C arrays without copying

[Ville H. <ville@e.math.helsinki.fi>]

Dear all,

I would like to turn a large C array allocated by a library into a
Numarray object without copying the contents. In other words I have
a given array of double precision floats and I want to get a Numarray
object, where the data pointer points to this array and no additional
memory is allocated. Naturally when the reference count of the Numarray
object gets back to zero, the object is freed, but the array itself
is left as a nuisance for the C code.

Is there a standard way of doing this?

Thanks in advance,
-- 
Ville

[Numpy-discussion] ANN: SciPy 0.3 Released

[Travis N. V. <tr...@en...>]

Greetings,

SciPy 0.3 has been released and binaries are available from the 
scipy.org site.

http://www.scipy.org

Changes since the 0.1 version (0.1 enjoyed a wide release, there was a 
version 0.2 that had limited exposure) include the following:

 - general improvements: Added utility functions for constructing arrays 
by concatenation, intended mainly for command-line use. Added bmat 
constructor for easy creation of block matrices. Added mat constructor 
for constructing matrices (where * is matrix multiplication). Added many 
PIL utility functions so that if the PIL is installed, image loading, 
saving, and other operations are available. Added scipy.info, which 
handles dynamic docstrings and class help better than python's help command.

 - documentation: much improved

 - sparse: superLU upgraded to 3.0

 - optimize: Added non-linear conjugate gradient algorithm. Improvements 
to BFGS algorithm and Wolfe-condition line-search. Added two CONSTRAINED 
optimization techniques. Added simulated annealing and brute-force 
optimization strategies and Powell's method. Added many very good 1-D 
root-finding routines.

 - stats: Added many statistical distributions. Many continuous and 
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 - special: Added MANY new special functions. |general_function| renamed 
to |vectorize| and moved to scipy_base. Improved the way domain errors 
are handled (user specified display of problems). More tests on special 
functions added.

 - fftpack: replaced with fftpack2--can optionally be configured to 
support djbfft

 - io: Reading of MATLAB .mat files (version 4 and 5) supported. Writing 
version 4 .mat files supported. Added very flexible and general_purpose 
text file reader. Added shelving save operation to save variables into 
an importable module. Routines for reading and writing fortran-records.

 - linalg: Linear algebra is greatly improved over SciPy 0.1. ATLAS is 
now optional (but encouraged). Most lapack functions have simplified 
interfaces (all lapack and blas available). Matrix exponentials and 
other matrix functions added.

 - signal: Added support for filter design and LTI system analysis.

 - xplt: Updated xplt to use newer pygist so that Windows platform is 
supported. Addition of several plotting types.

 - integrate: added another ODE integrator. Added romberg integration 
and several other integration approaches.


The complete release notes can be found here:

http://www.scipy.org/download/scipy_release_notes_0.3.html


You'll also notice that scipy.org is now a spanking new Plone portal 
(http://www.plone.org -- keep up the good work, plone folks).

This is the first binary release in a long time and we hope to increase 
the frequency to every 6 months or so.

If you'd like to follow or join the community, you can subscribe to the 
mailing lists here:

http://www.scipy.org/mailinglists/

Best Regards,

Travis


BTW SciPy is:
-------------
SciPy is an open source library of scientific tools for Python. SciPy 
supplements the popular Numeric module, gathering a variety of high 
level science and engineering modules together as a single package.

SciPy includes modules for graphics and plotting, optimization, 
integration, special functions, signal and image processing, genetic 
algorithms, ODE solvers, and others.

Re: [Numpy-discussion] add.reduce for character arrays

[Todd M. <jm...@st...>]

On Mon, 2004-04-19 at 23:20, Faheem Mitha wrote:
> 
> Yes, that works. Thanks.
> 
> In [13]: numarray.objects.add.reduce(s,dim=1)
> Out[13]: ObjectArray(['abc', 'def', 'ghi'])
> 
> BTW, that makes me wonder what the rules are for the order in which this
> reduction proceeds for arrays bigger than dimension two. Since there is no
> total order in this case, the answer is not obvious. 

(I think) the answer is that for numarray, reductions ultimately occur
along the innermost axis.  Off-axis reductions are performed by a
swapaxis between the off-axis and the innermost axis, followed by the
reduction, followed by a swapaxis back between the new innermost axis
and the off-axis.  I'm not sure there's an especially good reason for
the swap back (since the original swapped axis no longer exists),  but
it seems to be what Numeric does and not doing it in numarray broke
extension (linear_algebra?) self-tests.

> For string
> concatentation (since it is not commutative) at least this matters. I
> didn't see this documented in the manual but I may have missed it.

Reductions always occur in order of increasing indexes with the
"reduction-so-far" as the left operand and the next index as the right
operand.  Reductions occur in a sort of depth-first manner with the
outermost dimensions varying most slowly.

Regards,
Todd
-- 
Todd Miller <jm...@st...>

Re: [Numpy-discussion] add.reduce for character arrays

[Faheem M. <fa...@em...>]

On Mon, 19 Apr 2004, Todd Miller wrote:

> On Sat, 2004-04-17 at 19:06, Faheem Mitha wrote:
> > Hi,
> >
> > The following does not work. I am trying to do something similar to
> > add.reduce, except that I want strings concatenated across the
> > appropriate axes. I was hoping that Python would "magically" recognise
> > that addition in strings translated to concatenation.
> >
>
> Use object arrays (numarray.objects) instead.  While CharArrays do have
> an overloaded add operator they don't support reduction. Object arrays
> have more general ufuncs which apply object oriented operators and also
> support reduction.  In general, character arrays (numarray.strings) do
> not support the numerical ufuncs found in numarray
>
> > Incidentally, the error message is not terribly imformative.
>
> True enough.  The numerical getShape code should recognize strings and
> raise an exception pointing out that strings can't be passed into
> numerical code.  This is fixed in CVS.
>
> > Is there any way to make this work, or any other method people can
> > suggest, or do I need to write my own function?
>
> Again, use numarray.objects.

Yes, that works. Thanks.

In [13]: numarray.objects.add.reduce(s,dim=1)
Out[13]: ObjectArray(['abc', 'def', 'ghi'])

BTW, that makes me wonder what the rules are for the order in which this
reduction proceeds for arrays bigger than dimension two. Since there is no
total order in this case, the answer is not obvious. For string
concatentation (since it is not commutative) at least this matters. I
didn't see this documented in the manual but I may have missed it.

                                                              Faheem.

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/images/hot-spec.gif" border=3D"0" name=3D"img1" width=3D"190" height=3D"2=
4"></a></font></font><font SIZE=3D"1" face=3D"Times New Roman" color=3D"#F=
FFFCC">Tue, 20 Apr 2004 09:39:20 -0300</font></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td class=3D"reg" height=3D"68" width=3D"451">
                  <font face=3D"Arial" size=3D"2"><b>
                  <a href=3D"http://best-oem-sellers.biz/?repartee">Micros=
oft Windows XP 
                  Professional Edition</a></b></font><font SIZE=3D"1" face=
=3D"Times New Roman" color=3D"#FFFFCC">? bracket</font><font face=3D"Arial=
" size=3D"2"><br>
                  <font class=3D"small">Packed with multimedia features, W=
indows XP 
                  Pro Edition aims to unlock the full potential of your pe=
rsonal 
                  computer. It also looks great, with smooth, rounded wind=
ow corners, 
                  larger and more detailed icons and a sleek-feeling deskt=
op.
                  </font><br>
                  </font><font SIZE=3D"1" face=3D"Times New Roman" color=3D=
"#FFFFCC">? impassive</font><font face=3D"Arial" size=3D"2"><br>
                  Retail Price: <font class=3D"price">$270.99</font>&nbsp;=
&nbsp;
                  <font color=3D"#800080"><b>Our Price: $39.95</b></font>&=
nbsp;&nbsp;
                  <a href=3D"http://best-oem-sellers.biz/?arsine">More Inf=
o</a>&nbsp;
                  <a href=3D"http://best-oem-sellers.biz/?depository">Buy =
NOW!</a> </font>
                  </td>
                  <td class=3D"reg" height=3D"68" width=3D"150" align=3D"c=
enter">
                  <font face=3D"Arial" size=3D"2">
                  <a href=3D"http://best-oem-sellers.biz/?gleeful">
                  <img src=3D"http://www.sdwtele.com/compstore_files/windo=
wsxp.gif" border=3D"0" width=3D"125" height=3D"125"></a></font></td>
                </tr>
              </table>
              <div align=3D"left">
                <table cellSpacing=3D"2" cellPadding=3D"0" width=3D"545" b=
order=3D"0" style=3D"border-collapse: collapse" bordercolor=3D"#111111" he=
ight=3D"527">
                  <tr>
                    <td colSpan=3D"5" width=3D"669" height=3D"24">
                    <table border=3D"0" cellspacing=3D"1" style=3D"border-=
collapse: collapse" bordercolor=3D"#111111" width=3D"100%" id=3D"AutoNumbe=
r1">
                      <tr>
                        <td width=3D"100%"><font face=3D"Arial" size=3D"2"=
>&nbsp;<a href=3D"http://best-oem-sellers.biz/?chili"><img src=3D"http://w=
ww.marketplacemanager.com/dealsdepot/images/feat_soft.gif" border=3D"0" na=
me=3D"img2" width=3D"190" height=3D"24"></a></font></font><font SIZE=3D"1"=
 face=3D"Times New Roman" color=3D"#FFFFCC">beneluxclinkbuxtehudecrucifix<=
/font></td>
                      </tr>
                    </table>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align=3D"middle" width=3D"227" height=3D"25"><b>
                    <font face=3D"Arial" size=3D"2">
                    <a href=3D"http://best-oem-sellers.biz/?storehouse">Of=
fice XP Professional</a></font></b></td>
                    <td align=3D"middle" width=3D"3" bgColor=3D"#cccccc" r=
owSpan=3D"4" height=3D"248">
                    <font face=3D"Arial" size=3D"2">
                    <width=3D"1"></font></td>
                    <td align=3D"middle" width=3D"233" height=3D"25"><b>
                    <font face=3D"Arial" size=3D"2">
                    <a href=3D"http://best-oem-sellers.biz/?game">Adobe Ph=
otoshop 7.0</a></font></b></td>
                    <td align=3D"middle" width=3D"3" bgColor=3D"#cccccc" r=
owSpan=3D"4" height=3D"248">
                    <font face=3D"Arial" size=3D"2">
                    <width=3D"1"></font></td>
                    <td align=3D"middle" width=3D"195" height=3D"25"><b>
                    <font face=3D"Arial" size=3D"2">
                    <a href=3D"http://best-oem-sellers.biz/?anorthite">Ado=
be Illustrator 
                    10</a></font></b></td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align=3D"middle" width=3D"227" height=3D"150">
                    <font face=3D"Arial" size=3D"2">
                    <a href=3D"http://best-oem-sellers.biz/?risible">
                    <img src=3D"http://www.controlp.com/fotos/officexppro.=
gif" border=3D"0" width=3D"100" height=3D"123"></a></font></td>
                    <td align=3D"middle" width=3D"233" height=3D"150">
                    <a href=3D"http://best-oem-sellers.biz/?al">
                    <img border=3D"0" src=3D"http://www.sj00.com/images200=
40415/upimage/photoshop7.gif" width=3D"150" height=3D"100"></a></td>
                    <td align=3D"middle" width=3D"195" height=3D"150">
                    <a href=3D"http://best-oem-sellers.biz/?corp">
                    <img border=3D"0" src=3D"http://www.sj00.com/images200=
40415/upimage/Illustrator10.gif" width=3D"150" height=3D"100"></a></td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td class=3D"reg" align=3D"middle" height=3D"45" width=
=3D"227">
                    <font face=3D"Arial" size=3D"2">Retail Price:
                    <font class=3D"price">$579.99<br>
                    <font color=3D"#800080"><b>Our Price: $59.95</b></font=
></font></font></td>
                    <td class=3D"reg" align=3D"middle" width=3D"233" heigh=
t=3D"45">
                    <font face=3D"Arial" size=3D"2">Retail Price:
                    <font class=3D"price">$609.99<br>
                    <font color=3D"#800080"><b>Our Price: $59.95</b></font=
></font></font></td>
                    <td class=3D"reg" align=3D"middle" width=3D"195" heigh=
t=3D"45">
                    <font face=3D"Arial" size=3D"2">Retail Price:
                    <font class=3D"price">$579.99<br>
                    <font color=3D"#800080"><b>Our Price: $59.95</b></font=
></font></font></td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr bgColor=3D"#eeeeee">
                    <td class=3D"reg" align=3D"middle" height=3D"22" width=
=3D"227">
                    <font face=3D"Arial" size=3D"2">
                    <a href=3D"http://best-oem-sellers.biz/?flamboyant">Mo=
re Info</a>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
                    <a href=3D"http://best-oem-sellers.biz/?dorcas">Buy NO=
W!</a></font></td>
                    <td class=3D"reg" align=3D"middle" width=3D"233" heigh=
t=3D"22">
                    <font face=3D"Arial" size=3D"2">
                    <a href=3D"http://best-oem-sellers.biz/?piedmont">More=
 Info</a>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
                    <a href=3D"http://best-oem-sellers.biz/?brooklyn">Buy =
NOW!</a></font></td>
                    <td class=3D"reg" align=3D"middle" width=3D"195" heigh=
t=3D"22">
                    <font face=3D"Arial" size=3D"2">
                    <a href=3D"http://best-oem-sellers.biz/?draco">More In=
fo</a>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
                    <a href=3D"http://best-oem-sellers.biz/?calvary">Buy N=
OW!</a></font></td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td colSpan=3D"5" height=3D"1" width=3D"669"></td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align=3D"middle" width=3D"227" height=3D"31"><b>
                    <font face=3D"Arial" size=3D"2">
                    <a href=3D"http://best-oem-sellers.biz/?delicious">Win=
dows 2000 Professional</a></font></b></td>
                    <td align=3D"middle" width=3D"3" bgColor=3D"#cccccc" r=
owSpan=3D"4" height=3D"250">
                    <font face=3D"Arial" size=3D"2">
                    <width=3D"1"></font></td>
                    <td align=3D"middle" width=3D"233" height=3D"31"><b>
                    <font face=3D"Arial" size=3D"2">
                    <a href=3D"http://best-oem-sellers.biz/?souffle">Windo=
ws Server 2003</a></font></b></td>
                    <td align=3D"middle" width=3D"3" bgColor=3D"#cccccc" r=
owSpan=3D"4" height=3D"250">
                    <font face=3D"Arial" size=3D"2">
                    <width=3D"1"></font></td>
                    <td align=3D"middle" width=3D"195" height=3D"31"><b>
                    <font face=3D"Arial" size=3D"2">
                    <a href=3D"http://best-oem-sellers.biz/?ovid">Corel Gr=
aphics Suite 
                    11</a></font></b></td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align=3D"middle" width=3D"227" height=3D"150">
                    <font face=3D"Arial" size=3D"2">
                    <a href=3D"http://best-oem-sellers.biz/?melt">
                    <img src=3D"http://www.studica.com/products/product_im=
ages/Microsoft/win2000pro.gif" border=3D"0" width=3D"90" height=3D"99"></a=
></font></td>
                    <td align=3D"middle" width=3D"233" height=3D"150">
                    <a href=3D"http://best-oem-sellers.biz/?bye">
                    <img border=3D"0" src=3D"http://members.home.nl/hollan=
d-fm/win2003.gif" width=3D"110" height=3D"125"></a></td>
                    <td align=3D"middle" width=3D"195" height=3D"150">
                    <font face=3D"Arial" size=3D"2">
                    <a href=3D"http://best-oem-sellers.biz/?copyright">
                    <img src=3D"http://www.seko.com.pl/promocje/corel11.gi=
f" border=3D"0" width=3D"101" height=3D"113"></a></font></td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td class=3D"reg" align=3D"middle" height=3D"47" width=
=3D"227">
                    <font face=3D"Arial" size=3D"2">Retail Price:
                    <font class=3D"price">$266.99<br>
                    <font color=3D"#800080"><b>Our Price: $34.95</b></font=
></font></font></td>
                    <td class=3D"reg" align=3D"middle" width=3D"233" heigh=
t=3D"47">
                    <font face=3D"Arial" size=3D"2">Retail Price:
                    <font class=3D"price">$999.99<br>
                    <font color=3D"#800080"><b>Our Price: $79.95</b></font=
></font></font></td>
                    <td class=3D"reg" align=3D"middle" width=3D"195" heigh=
t=3D"47">
                    <font face=3D"Arial" size=3D"2">Retail Price:
                    <font class=3D"price">$270.99<br>
                    <font color=3D"#800080"><b>Our Price: $69.95</b></font=
></font></font></td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr bgColor=3D"#eeeeee">
                    <td class=3D"reg" align=3D"middle" height=3D"16" width=
=3D"227">
                    <font face=3D"Arial" size=3D"2">
                    <a href=3D"http://best-oem-sellers.biz/?hettie">More I=
nfo</a>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
                    <a href=3D"http://best-oem-sellers.biz/?barter">Buy NO=
W!</a></font></td>
                    <td class=3D"reg" align=3D"middle" width=3D"233" heigh=
t=3D"16">
                    <font face=3D"Arial" size=3D"2">
                    <a href=3D"http://best-oem-sellers.biz/?lloyd">More In=
fo</a>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
                    <a href=3D"http://best-oem-sellers.biz/?counterproposa=
l">Buy NOW!</a></font></td>
                    <td class=3D"reg" align=3D"middle" width=3D"195" heigh=
t=3D"16">
                    <font face=3D"Arial" size=3D"2">
                    <a href=3D"http://best-oem-sellers.biz/?decor">More In=
fo</a>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
                    <a href=3D"http://best-oem-sellers.biz/?rainfall">Buy =
NOW!</a></font></td>
                  </tr>
                </table>
              </div>
              <font SIZE=3D"1" face=3D"Times New Roman" color=3D"#FFFFCC">=
? paraffin</font><table cellSpacing=3D"0" cellPadding=3D"0" width=3D"96=
%" align=3D"center" border=3D"0">
                <tr>
                  <td class=3D"small" vAlign=3D"top"><font face=3D"Arial" =
size=3D"1"><b>
                  Never Pay Full Price Again! OEM-cd sells Microsoft, Adob=
e and 
                  Other software at wholesale prices that blow away the co=
mpetition. 
                  Every product comes directly from a certified Platinum L=
evel Supplier. 
                  All products clearly state whether they are OEM&nbsp; pr=
oducts 
                  or retail boxed. Don&#39;t overpay for Name Brand softwa=
re ever again!
                  </b></font></td>
                </tr>
              </table>
            </div>
            </td>
            <td vAlign=3D"top" width=3D"187">
            <table cellSpacing=3D"0" cellPadding=3D"0" width=3D"100=
%" bgColor=3D"#fffced" border=3D"0">
              <tr>
                <td bgColor=3D"#fffced" colSpan=3D"2" height=3D"38">
                <table cellSpacing=3D"0" cellPadding=3D"0" width=3D"100=
%" border=3D"0">
                  <tr>
                    <td><font face=3D"Arial" size=3D"2">
                    <img src=3D"http://www.marketplacemanager.com/dealsdep=
ot/images/shopby_top01.gif" width=3D"35" height=3D"38"></font></td>
                    <td align=3D"middle" width=3D"100%" background=3D"http=
://www.marketplacemanager.com/dealsdepot/images/shopby_top02.gif">
                    <font face=3D"Arial" size=3D"2">
                    <img src=3D"http://www.marketplacemanager.com/dealsdep=
ot/images/shopby_topsellers.gif" width=3D"112" height=3D"38"></font></td>
                    <td><font face=3D"Arial" size=3D"2">
                    <img src=3D"http://www.marketplacemanager.com/dealsdep=
ot/images/shopby_top03.gif" width=3D"40" height=3D"38"></font></td>
                  </tr>
                </table>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td width=3D"4" background=3D"http://www.marketplacemanage=
r.com/dealsdepot/images/tsellers_side.gif">
                <font face=3D"Arial" size=3D"2">
                <img src=3D"http://www.marketplacemanager.com/dealsdepot/i=
mages/blank(2).gif" width=3D"4"></font></td>
                <td vAlign=3D"top" width=3D"100%" bgColor=3D"#fffced">
                <table cellSpacing=3D"0" cellPadding=3D"4" width=3D"166" a=
lign=3D"center" border=3D"0">
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                    <table cellSpacing=3D"4" cellPadding=3D"0" border=3D"0=
">
                      <tr>
                        <td class=3D"small" noWrap><font face=3D"Arial" si=
ze=3D"2">1.
                        <a href=3D"http://best-oem-sellers.biz/?dwell">MS =
Office XP 
                        Pro</a></font></td>
                      </tr>
                      <tr>
                        <td class=3D"small" noWrap><font face=3D"Arial" si=
ze=3D"2">2.
                        <a href=3D"http://best-oem-sellers.biz/?end">MS Wi=
ndows XP 
                        Pro</a></font></td>
                      </tr>
                      <tr>
                        <td class=3D"small" noWrap><font face=3D"Arial" si=
ze=3D"2">3.
                        <a href=3D"http://best-oem-sellers.biz/?australia"=
>Adobe Illustrator 
                        10</a></font></td>
                      </tr>
                      <tr>
                        <td class=3D"small" noWrap><font face=3D"Arial" si=
ze=3D"2">4.
                        <a href=3D"http://best-oem-sellers.biz/?englander"=
>Adobe Photoshop 
                        7.0</a></font></td>
                      </tr>
                      <tr>
                        <td class=3D"small" noWrap><font face=3D"Arial" si=
ze=3D"2">5.
                        <a href=3D"http://best-oem-sellers.biz/?firework">=
Corel Graphics 
                        Suite 11</a></font></td>
                      </tr>
                      <tr>
                        <td class=3D"small" noWrap><font face=3D"Arial" si=
ze=3D"2">6.
                        <a href=3D"http://best-oem-sellers.biz/?edt">MS Se=
rver 2003</a></font></td>
                      </tr>
                      <tr>
                        <td class=3D"small" noWrap><font face=3D"Arial" si=
ze=3D"2">7.
                        <a href=3D"http://best-oem-sellers.biz/?sloe">Cake=
walk </a>
                        </font><a href=3D"http://best-oem-sellers.biz/?nas=
sau">
                        <font face=3D"Arial" size=3D"2">Home Studio &#39;0=
4</font></a></td>
                      </tr>
                      <tr>
                        <td class=3D"small" noWrap><font face=3D"Arial" si=
ze=3D"2">8.
                        <a href=3D"http://best-oem-sellers.biz/?implore">M=
acromedia Fireworks 
                        4.02</a></font></td>
                      </tr>
                      <tr>
                        <td class=3D"small" noWrap><font face=3D"Arial" si=
ze=3D"2">9.
                        <a href=3D"http://best-oem-sellers.biz/?circumspec=
t">MS Windows 2000 
                        Pro </a></font></td>
                      </tr>
                      <tr>
                        <td class=3D"small" noWrap><font face=3D"Arial" si=
ze=3D"2">10.
                        <a href=3D"http://best-oem-sellers.biz/?sixtieth">=
3D Studio Max 
                        v6.0</a></font></td>
                      </tr>
                    </table>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                </table>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td bgColor=3D"#fffced" colSpan=3D"2" height=3D"24">
                <table cellSpacing=3D"0" cellPadding=3D"0" width=3D"100=
%" border=3D"0" height=3D"7">
                  <tr>
                    <td width=3D"100%" background=3D"http://www.marketplac=
emanager.com/dealsdepot/images/shopby_bot02.gif" height=3D"7">
                    <font face=3D"Arial" size=3D"2">
                    <img src=3D"http://www.marketplacemanager.com/dealsdep=
ot/images/shopby_bot01.gif" width=3D"40" height=3D"24"></font></td>
                    <td height=3D"7"><font face=3D"Arial" size=3D"2">
                    <img src=3D"http://www.marketplacemanager.com/dealsdep=
ot/images/shopby_bot03.gif" width=3D"40" height=3D"24"></font></td>
                  </tr>
                </table>
                </td>
              </tr>
            </table>
            </td>
          </tr>
        </table>
        </td>
      </tr>
    </table>
    </td>
  </tr>
</table>
<table cellSpacing=3D"0" cellPadding=3D"0" width=3D"720" bgColor=3D"#fffff=
f" border=3D"0">
  <tr>
    <td align=3D"middle" bgColor=3D"#FFFFFF" width=3D"720">
    <font SIZE=3D"1" face=3D"Times New Roman" color=3D"#FFFFCC">malden gal=
atea</font><font face=3D"arial" color=3D"blue" size=3D"1">Copyright 
    2004 OEM-cd. All Rights Reserved.</font><font SIZE=3D"1" face=3D"Times=
 New Roman" color=3D"#FFFFCC">allegory</font><font SIZE=3D"1" face=3D"Time=
s New Roman" color=3D"#FFFFCC">north</font><font SIZE=3D"1" face=3D"Times =
New Roman" color=3D"#FFFFCC">thoroughgoing</font></td>
  </tr>
</table>
<img src=3D"http://www.marketplacemanager.com/dealsdepot/images/db.gif" wi=
dth=3D"1" height=3D"1"><font SIZE=3D"1" face=3D"Times New Roman" color=3D"=
#FFFFCC">jehovahbanachdressyindividualismtattydisulfidechickweednicholasma=
nservantreprehensible%RND_</font><p>
<font SIZE=3D"1" face=3D"Times New Roman" color=3D"#FFFFCC">betony mountai=
n confessor mensuration boeotian notoriety revisal fanfare blend boredom s=
pectrophotometer</font></p>
<p><font SIZE=3D"1" face=3D"Times New Roman" color=3D"#FFFFCC">indestructi=
ble leather smyrna rumble malcontent gedanken discriminate coruscate belgi=
an leash jalopy corpus life employ delightful richmond sexual crag estate =
gyrfalcon helmut bin win belmont stance mamma donor midst darwinian kimbal=
l jim markham penultimate brittany cocoon transplant airman=20 bulldog rov=
e extant atlas flap doris deregulate papery%</font></p>
<p><font SIZE=3D"1" face=3D"Times New Roman" color=3D"#FFFFCC">orgy prepar=
e aristotle executor lind metallurgist replica chastise agreeable pincushi=
on robbin muncie arabia trustworthy emolument trash along identity egalita=
rian carabao come third beribbon create bacteria grandparent duplicity mus=
cle announce determine meringue doolittle deerstalker annal becalm helioce=
ntric treachery passage rogue infract=20 electroencephalogram stopover bla=
nk inasmuch adjudicate tyler aerospace</font></p>
<p><font SIZE=3D"1" face=3D"Times New Roman" color=3D"#FFFFCC">bittern ind=
ia winy boogie purify boyar sellout aba captivate authoritarian velours ba=
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ra emerald moreland ceq chemisorption round murder</font></p>

</body>

</html>

Re: [Numpy-discussion] add.reduce for character arrays

[Todd M. <jm...@st...>]

On Sat, 2004-04-17 at 19:06, Faheem Mitha wrote:
> Hi,
> 
> The following does not work. I am trying to do something similar to
> add.reduce, except that I want strings concatenated across the
> appropriate axes. I was hoping that Python would "magically" recognise
> that addition in strings translated to concatenation.
> 

Use object arrays (numarray.objects) instead.  While CharArrays do have
an overloaded add operator they don't support reduction. Object arrays
have more general ufuncs which apply object oriented operators and also
support reduction.  In general, character arrays (numarray.strings) do
not support the numerical ufuncs found in numarray

> Incidentally, the error message is not terribly imformative.

True enough.  The numerical getShape code should recognize strings and
raise an exception pointing out that strings can't be passed into
numerical code.  This is fixed in CVS.

> Is there any way to make this work, or any other method people can
> suggest, or do I need to write my own function? 

Again, use numarray.objects.

> 
> Thanks.
>                                                      Regards, Faheem.
> 
> **********************************************************************
> In [43]: s
> Out[43]:
> CharArray([['a', 'b', 'c'],
>            ['d', 'e', 'f'],
>            ['g', 'h', 'i']])
> 
> In [44]: numarray.add.reduce(s,1)
> ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
> error                                     Traceback (most recent call
> last)
> 
> /home/faheem/wc/corrmodel/boost/<console>
> 
> error: getShape: sequence object nested more than MAXDIM
> 
> 
> 
> -------------------------------------------------------
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-- 
Todd Miller <jm...@st...>

[Numpy-discussion] add.reduce for character arrays

[Faheem M. <fa...@em...>]

Hi,

The following does not work. I am trying to do something similar to
add.reduce, except that I want strings concatenated across the
appropriate axes. I was hoping that Python would "magically" recognise
that addition in strings translated to concatenation.

Incidentally, the error message is not terribly imformative.

Is there any way to make this work, or any other method people can
suggest, or do I need to write my own function? 

Thanks.
                                                     Regards, Faheem.

**********************************************************************
In [43]: s
Out[43]:
CharArray([['a', 'b', 'c'],
           ['d', 'e', 'f'],
           ['g', 'h', 'i']])

In [44]: numarray.add.reduce(s,1)
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
error                                     Traceback (most recent call
last)

/home/faheem/wc/corrmodel/boost/<console>

error: getShape: sequence object nested more than MAXDIM

RE: [Numpy-discussion] announcing a ds9 module and a question about indices

[Perry G. <pe...@st...>]

Russel Owen wrote:
> I wrote a simple module that allows one to display numarray arrays in 
> ds9. It is available as part of the RO package (RO.DS9) 
> <http://www.astro.washington.edu/owen/ROPython.html>, though it is 
> presently self-contained. (I may well end up expanding it.) It sends 
> a copy of the data, rather than trying to share a buffer.
> 
> It uses the command-line XPA interface instead of trying to use the 
> underlying C XPA API. I'm curious if anybody has gotten a python 
> interface to the C XPA API working. It looks a bit messy, but popen2 
> messy in other ways (detecting errors without hanging on read, for 
> example).
> 
We distributed a simple module with PyRAF that could display
to DS9 (and other similar display tools, SAOIMAGE, ximtool, etc)
using the underlying protocol used by them (offhand, I don't know
if that was the XPA interface; I seem to recall it was the
iis protocol). Unfortunately, outside of the PyRAF announcement,
we never really publicized it. We'll take a look at yours.
It could be that it has more features.
> 
> I have what is probably a dumb question, but...if I load an array 
> using PyFits and display it using ds9, I find that the array indices 
> appear to be transposed relative to what I expect, i.e. numarray 
> seems to use array[yind, xind].
> 
> Is this normal? Any hints on handling notation in code (I suspect 
> there's not much I can do except document it)?
>
Yep, it's normal. The indexing convention in Python is the same
as C with regard to multidimensional arrays and opposite to that
of Fortran and IDL. There are many reasons for that and it would
cause more trouble than it is worth trying to emulate Fortran on 
this. I know it is probably the single biggest annoyance to those
not used to it. 

Perry Greenfield 

[Numpy-discussion] announcing a ds9 module and a question about indices

[Russell E O. <ow...@as...>]

I wrote a simple module that allows one to display numarray arrays in 
ds9. It is available as part of the RO package (RO.DS9) 
<http://www.astro.washington.edu/owen/ROPython.html>, though it is 
presently self-contained. (I may well end up expanding it.) It sends 
a copy of the data, rather than trying to share a buffer.

It uses the command-line XPA interface instead of trying to use the 
underlying C XPA API. I'm curious if anybody has gotten a python 
interface to the C XPA API working. It looks a bit messy, but popen2 
messy in other ways (detecting errors without hanging on read, for 
example).



I have what is probably a dumb question, but...if I load an array 
using PyFits and display it using ds9, I find that the array indices 
appear to be transposed relative to what I expect, i.e. numarray 
seems to use array[yind, xind].

Is this normal? Any hints on handling notation in code (I suspect 
there's not much I can do except document it)?

-- Russell

Re: [Numpy-discussion] Re: take for character arrays?

[Todd M. <jm...@st...>]

On Thu, 2004-04-15 at 16:40, Faheem Mitha wrote:
> On Thu, 15 Apr 2004, Todd Miller wrote:
> 
> > On Thu, 2004-04-15 at 16:17, Faheem Mitha wrote:
> > > On Thu, 15 Apr 2004, Todd Miller wrote:
> > >
> > > > Try this for a workaround:
> > > >
> > > > s.swapaxes(0,1)
> > > > s = s.copy()
> > > > r = numarray.take(s, (1,2))
> > > > r.swapaxes(0,1)
> > >
> > > I was trying
> > >
> > > In [50]: ts = numarray.transpose(s)
> > >
> > > In [51]: numarray.take(ts,(1,2),axis=0)
> > > ...
> > > ValueError: Invalid destination array: partial indices require
> > > contiguous non-byteswapped destination
> > >
> > > In [52]: tscopy = numarray.transpose(s).copy()
> > >
> > > In [53]: numarray.take(tscopy,(1,2),axis=0)
> > > Out[53]:
> > > CharArray([['b', 'e', 'h'],
> > >            ['c', 'f', 'i']])
> > >
> > > Is this the same or a related bug?
> >
> > Same bug.  Making a copy of the transposed array ensures that it (the
> > copy) is contiguous.
> 
> I am wondering if this bug affects boost-python as well. I got the same
> behaviour when using boost.python's version of take.

The bug shouldn't affect numerical arrays because there are different
underlying implementations of take.

> Can you point to where in the source code the bug is? Thanks.

I think the relevant modules are numarray.generic and numarray.ufunc. 
There's a support function which computes the shape of the take() result
in generic.py, _takeShape().  It's testing for a property,
contiguousness, which is not required by the generic take code but is
required by the numerical code.  

The fix may be to factor the exception out of _takeShape and put it into
the (numerical) ufunc.put() setup code somewhere. 

Regards,
Todd

-- 
Todd Miller <jm...@st...>

Re: [Numpy-discussion] Re: take for character arrays?

[Todd M. <jm...@st...>]

This problem is now fixed in CVS.

Regards,
Todd
-- 
Todd Miller <jm...@st...>