Syntax-Declarations

• Type qualifiers
• Variable qualifiers
• Class qualifiers
• Function qualifiers
• Parameter qualifiers

Type qualifiers

When assigning types to objects, the following qualifiers can be used.

Qualifier	Description
owned	Owned reference
unowned	Unowned reference
const	Const reference

Variable qualifiers

When defining variables and fields, the following qualifiers can be used.

Qualifier	Description
static	Permanent (not destroyed before program exit)
public	Public access (available from anywhere)
private	Private access (available only in enclosing module or class)
protected	Protected access (available to subclasses of enclosing class)
extern	Defined by a module written in another language
__super	Custom reference to superclass instance
__vtable	Custom reference to vtable

Class qualifiers

When defining classes and structs, the following qualifiers can be used.

Qualifier	Description
transparent	Transparent class/struct
static	Inner class is independent of outer class
abstract	Class can not be instantiated (must be subclassed)
final	Class can not be subclassed
sealed	Class can not be subclassed by any other module
public	Public access (available from anywhere)
private	Private access (available only in enclosing module or class)
protected	Protected access (available to subclasses of enclosing class)
__rtinit	Custom vtable to be allocated at runtime

Function qualifiers

When defining functions and methods, the following qualifiers can be used.

Qualifier	Description
transparent	Transparent function/method
static	Method is independent of class instance
virtual	Method is polymorphic
abstract	Method must be overridden by subclasses
final	Method can not be overridden
override	Method is an override
public	Public access (available from anywhere)
private	Private access (available only in enclosing module or class)
protected	Protected access (available to subclasses of enclosing class)
extern	Defined by a module written in another language
meta	Metamethod

Parameter qualifiers

When declaring function parameters, the following qualifiers can be used.

Qualifier	Description
ref	In/out-parameter (pass by reference)
out	Out-parameter (pass by reference)
implicit	Implicit parameter
__c_printf	C printf-style format
__c_throw_arg	Implicit parameter for exception passing