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[DL-Learner SVN] SF.net SVN: dl-learner:[3357] trunk
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From: <jen...@us...> - 2011-11-02 08:43:52
|
Revision: 3357
http://dl-learner.svn.sourceforge.net/dl-learner/?rev=3357&view=rev
Author: jenslehmann
Date: 2011-11-02 08:43:43 +0000 (Wed, 02 Nov 2011)
Log Message:
-----------
improved reasoner unit test
Modified Paths:
--------------
trunk/components-core/src/test/java/org/dllearner/test/junit/ReasonerTest.java
trunk/examples/father.conf
trunk/examples/nlp2rdf/reuters_gold_vs_copper/learn.conf
Added Paths:
-----------
trunk/components-core/src/test/resources/nlp2rdf/
trunk/components-core/src/test/resources/nlp2rdf/positives.owl
trunk/components-core/src/test/resources/nlp2rdf/sso.owl
trunk/components-core/src/test/resources/nlp2rdf/string.owl
Modified: trunk/components-core/src/test/java/org/dllearner/test/junit/ReasonerTest.java
===================================================================
--- trunk/components-core/src/test/java/org/dllearner/test/junit/ReasonerTest.java 2011-11-02 08:35:44 UTC (rev 3356)
+++ trunk/components-core/src/test/java/org/dllearner/test/junit/ReasonerTest.java 2011-11-02 08:43:43 UTC (rev 3357)
@@ -42,7 +42,7 @@
@Test
public void nlp2rdfTest() throws ComponentInitException {
// read file into reasoner
- OWLFile file = new OWLFile("../examples/nlp2rdf/reuters_gold_vs_copper/positives.owl");
+ OWLFile file = new OWLFile("src/test/resources/nlp2rdf/positives.owl");
file.init();
FastInstanceChecker fic = new FastInstanceChecker();
fic.setSources(file);
@@ -55,13 +55,13 @@
Individual ind = new Individual("http://nlp2rdf.org/POS/2/offset_0_763_COPPER+STUDY+GROUP+C");
+// System.out.println();
+
// there should be several subStringTrans relations
assertFalse(fic.getRelatedIndividuals(ind, op).isEmpty());
// individual should be member of this expression (required to learn the correct concept)
assertTrue(fic.hasType(is, ind));
-
- // TODO: once this works, we need to make sure that "positives.owl" is in a "stable" directory
-
+
}
}
Added: trunk/components-core/src/test/resources/nlp2rdf/positives.owl
===================================================================
--- trunk/components-core/src/test/resources/nlp2rdf/positives.owl (rev 0)
+++ trunk/components-core/src/test/resources/nlp2rdf/positives.owl 2011-11-02 08:43:43 UTC (rev 3357)
@@ -0,0 +1,25676 @@
+<rdf:RDF
+ xmlns:j.0="http://purl.org/olia/stanford.owl#"
+ xmlns:rdf="http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#"
+ xmlns:j.1="http://purl.org/olia/penn-syntax.owl#"
+ xmlns:str="http://nlp2rdf.lod2.eu/schema/string/"
+ xmlns:j.2="http://purl.org/olia/system.owl#"
+ xmlns:owl="http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#"
+ xmlns:sso="http://nlp2rdf.lod2.eu/schema/sso/"
+ xmlns:j.3="http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#"
+ xmlns:xsd="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#"
+ xmlns:j.4="http://purl.org/olia/penn.owl#"
+ xmlns:j.5="http://purl.org/olia/olia-top.owl#"
+ xmlns:rdfs="http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#">
+ <owl:Ontology rdf:about="file://something/positives">
+ <owl:imports rdf:resource="string.owl"/>
+ <owl:imports rdf:resource="sso.owl"/>
+ </owl:Ontology>
+ <owl:Class rdf:about="http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#Residual">
+ <rdfs:comment>
+ The residual value (R) is assigned to classes of text words which lie outside the
+ traditionally accepted range of grammatical classes, although they occur quite
+ commonly in many texts and very commonly in some. For example: foreign words,
+ or mathematical formulae. It can be argued that these are on the fringes of the
+ grammar or lexicon of the language in which the text is written. Nevertheless,
+ they need to be tagged. (http://www.ilc.cnr.it/EAGLES96/annotate/node16.html#mr 19.09.06)
+
+ Although words in the Residual category are on the periphery of the lexicon, they may
+ take some of the grammatical characteristics, e.g., of nouns. Acronyms such as IBM are
+ similar to proper nouns; symbols such as alphabetic characters can vary for singular and
+ plural (e.g. How many Ps are there in `psychopath'?), and are in this respect like common
+ nouns. In some languages (e.g. Portuguese) such symbols also have gender. It is quite
+ reasonable that in some tagging schemes some of these classes of word will be classified
+ under other parts of speech. (The Unclassified category applies to word-like text segments
+ which do not easily fit into any of the foregoing values. For example: incomplete words
+ and pause fillers such as er and erm in transcriptions of speech, or written representations of singing such as dum-de-dum. (http://www.ilc.cnr.it/EAGLES96/annotate/node17.html#recr 19.09.06)</rdfs:comment>
+ <rdfs:subClassOf>
+ <owl:Class rdf:about="http://purl.org/olia/olia-top.owl#MorphosyntacticCategory"/>
+ </rdfs:subClassOf>
+ <rdfs:subClassOf>
+ <owl:Class rdf:about="http://purl.org/olia/olia-top.owl#Word"/>
+ </rdfs:subClassOf>
+ </owl:Class>
+ <owl:Class rdf:about="http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#Conjunction">
+ <rdfs:subClassOf>
+ <owl:Class rdf:about="http://purl.org/olia/olia-top.owl#Word"/>
+ </rdfs:subClassOf>
+ <rdfs:subClassOf>
+ <owl:Class rdf:about="http://purl.org/olia/olia-top.owl#MorphosyntacticCategory"/>
+ </rdfs:subClassOf>
+ <rdfs:comment>
+ A conjunction is a word that syntactically links words or larger constituents,
+ and expresses a semantic relationship between them.
+ (http://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsAConjunction.htm 19.09.06)
+ </rdfs:comment>
+ </owl:Class>
+ <owl:Class rdf:about="http://purl.org/olia/olia-top.owl#LinguisticConcept">
+ <rdfs:comment>The OLiA ontology specifies linguistic concepts on a theoretical basis, as for concepts used in annotations, see system.owl.
+There is a great extent of overlap between LinguisticCategories/LinguisticFeatures and Categories/Features as defined in system.owl.</rdfs:comment>
+ <rdfs:subClassOf>
+ <owl:Class rdf:about="http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#Thing"/>
+ </rdfs:subClassOf>
+ </owl:Class>
+ <owl:Class rdf:about="http://purl.org/olia/penn-syntax.owl#VerbPhrase">
+ <rdfs:subClassOf>
+ <owl:Class rdf:about="http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#VerbPhrase"/>
+ </rdfs:subClassOf>
+ <rdfs:subClassOf>
+ <owl:Class rdf:about="http://purl.org/olia/penn-syntax.owl#Phrase"/>
+ </rdfs:subClassOf>
+ <rdfs:comment>VP|Verb phrase. Phrasal category headed a verb.
+(Santorini 1991)
+
+VP — Verb Phrase. Phrasal category headed a verb.
+(Bies et al. 1995)</rdfs:comment>
+ </owl:Class>
+ <owl:Class rdf:about="http://purl.org/olia/penn-syntax.owl#PrepositionalPhrase">
+ <rdfs:subClassOf>
+ <owl:Class rdf:about="http://purl.org/olia/penn-syntax.owl#Phrase"/>
+ </rdfs:subClassOf>
+ <rdfs:subClassOf>
+ <owl:Class rdf:about="http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#PrepositionalPhrase"/>
+ </rdfs:subClassOf>
+ <rdfs:comment>PP|Prepositional_phrase. Phrasal_category_headed_by_a_preposition.
+(Santorini 1991)
+
+PP — Prepositional Phrase. Phrasal category headed by a preposition.
+(Bies et al. 1995)</rdfs:comment>
+ </owl:Class>
+ <owl:Class rdf:about="http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#WHDeterminer">
+ <rdfs:subClassOf>
+ <owl:Class rdf:about="http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#Determiner"/>
+ </rdfs:subClassOf>
+ </owl:Class>
+ <owl:Class rdf:about="http://purl.org/olia/olia-top.owl#TenseFeature">
+ <rdfs:subClassOf>
+ <owl:Class rdf:about="http://purl.org/olia/olia-top.owl#MorphosyntacticFeature"/>
+ </rdfs:subClassOf>
+ <rdfs:comment>Tense is a grammatical category, typically marked on the verb, that deictically refers to the time of the event or state denoted by the verb in relation to some other temporal reference point. (http://www.sil.org/linguistics/glossaryoflinguisticterms/WhatIsTense.htm 17.11.06)</rdfs:comment>
+ </owl:Class>
+ <owl:Class rdf:about="http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#CardinalNumber">
+ <rdfs:comment>
+ A cardinal numeral is a numeral of the class whose members are considered basic
+ in form, used in counting, and used in expressing how many objects are referred to.
+ (http://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsACardinalNumeral.htm 19.09.06)
+ </rdfs:comment>
+ <rdfs:subClassOf>
+ <owl:Class rdf:about="http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#Numeral"/>
+ </rdfs:subClassOf>
+ </owl:Class>
+ <owl:Class rdf:about="http://purl.org/olia/olia-top.owl#MorphosyntacticCategory">
+ <rdfs:subClassOf>
+ <owl:Class rdf:about="http://purl.org/olia/olia-top.owl#SyntacticCategory"/>
+ </rdfs:subClassOf>
+ </owl:Class>
+ <owl:Class rdf:about="http://purl.org/olia/system.owl#LinguisticAnnotation">
+ <rdfs:comment>Linguistic annotations pertain to either structural entities (words, tokens, constituents, sentences => UnitOfAnnotation), relations between these (dependency, dominance, coreference, etc. => Relation), or grammatical features attached to these (case, gender, number, agreement, tense, mood, aspect, ... => Feature).</rdfs:comment>
+ <rdfs:subClassOf rdf:resource="http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#Thing"/>
+ </owl:Class>
+ <owl:Class rdf:about="http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#AuxiliaryVerb">
+ <rdfs:subClassOf>
+ <owl:Class rdf:about="http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#Verb"/>
+ </rdfs:subClassOf>
+ <rdfs:comment>
+ An auxiliary verb is a verb which accompanies the lexical verb of a verb phrase,
+ and expresses grammatical distinctions not carried by the lexical verb, such as
+ person, number, tense aspect, and voice.
+ (http://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsAnAuxiliaryVerb.htm 19.09.06)
+
+ Besides modal verbs ("semiauxiliary") and "strict" auxiliary verbs, also copulas
+ are classified under auxiliary verbs here, as this is a praxis applied in practically every
+ EAGLES-conformant morphosyntactic annotation scheme.
+
+ Part of speech referring to the set of verbs, subordinate to the main lexical verb which help
+ to make distinction in mood, aspect, voice etc.
+ (Crystal 2003; http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1244)
+ </rdfs:comment>
+ </owl:Class>
+ <owl:Class rdf:about="http://purl.org/olia/penn.owl#CardinalNumber">
+ <rdfs:subClassOf rdf:resource="http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#CardinalNumber"/>
+ <rdfs:subClassOf>
+ <owl:Class rdf:about="http://purl.org/olia/penn.owl#Tag"/>
+ </rdfs:subClassOf>
+ <rdfs:comment>These are cardinal numbers.</rdfs:comment>
+ </owl:Class>
+ <owl:Class rdf:about="http://purl.org/olia/olia-top.owl#DegreeFeature">
+ <rdfs:subClassOf>
+ <owl:Class rdf:about="http://purl.org/olia/olia-top.owl#MorphosyntacticFeature"/>
+ </rdfs:subClassOf>
+ <rdfs:comment>The Eagles-recommended attribute Degree applies only to inflectional comparatives and superlatives. In some languages, e.g. Spanish, the number of such adjectives is very small. (http://www.ilc.cnr.it/EAGLES96/annotate/node17.html#recn)</rdfs:comment>
+ </owl:Class>
+ <owl:Class rdf:about="http://purl.org/olia/penn.owl#To">
+ <rdfs:subClassOf>
+ <owl:Class rdf:about="http://purl.org/olia/olia-top.owl#Word"/>
+ </rdfs:subClassOf>
+ <rdfs:subClassOf rdf:resource="http://purl.org/olia/olia-top.owl#MorphosyntacticCategory"/>
+ <rdfs:subClassOf>
+ <owl:Class rdf:about="http://purl.org/olia/penn.owl#Tag"/>
+ </rdfs:subClassOf>
+ <rdfs:comment>"To" is tagged TO, regardless of whether it is a preposition or an infinitival marker.</rdfs:comment>
+ </owl:Class>
+ <owl:Class rdf:about="http://purl.org/olia/olia-top.owl#Word">
+ <rdfs:label>word</rdfs:label>
+ <rdfs:comment>
+ SyntacticWord is the class of syntactic units occupying the lowest position in
+ a syntactic construction. They are the largest units resistant to insertion of
+ new constituents within their boundaries; or they are the smallest constituents
+ that can be moved within a sentence without making the sentence ungrammatical.
+ (http://www.linguistics-ontology.org/gold/2008/SyntacticWord)
+
+ Linguistic unit composed of at least a part of speech and a lemma.
+ (Gil Francopoulo; http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1415)
+ </rdfs:comment>
+ <rdfs:subClassOf>
+ <owl:Class rdf:about="http://purl.org/olia/olia-top.owl#SyntacticCategory"/>
+ </rdfs:subClassOf>
+ </owl:Class>
+ <owl:Class rdf:about="http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#NonFiniteVerb">
+ <rdfs:comment>
+ Verb forms occurring on their own only in dependent clauses and lacking tense and mood contrasts.
+ (adapted from Crystal 2003; http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1332)
+
+ A non-finite verb is a verb that is not fully inflected for categories that are marked inflectionally in a language,
+ such as the following: Tense, Aspect, Modality, Number, Person.
+ (http://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsANonfiniteVerb.htm 19.09.06)
+ </rdfs:comment>
+ <rdfs:subClassOf>
+ <owl:Class rdf:about="http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#Verb"/>
+ </rdfs:subClassOf>
+ </owl:Class>
+ <owl:Class rdf:about="http://purl.org/olia/penn.owl#Conjunction">
+ <rdfs:comment>This class was inserted to reflect the tag structure. It does not,
+ however, exactly correspond to olia:Conjunction, because Penn conjunction
+ tags can also be applied to prepositions.</rdfs:comment>
+ <rdfs:subClassOf>
+ <owl:Class rdf:about="http://purl.org/olia/penn.owl#Tag"/>
+ </rdfs:subClassOf>
+ </owl:Class>
+ <owl:Class rdf:about="http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#CoordinatingConjunction">
+ <rdfs:comment>
+ Coordinating conjunctions, also called coordinators, are conjunctions that
+ join two items of equal syntactic importance.
+ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammatical_conjunction 19.09.06)
+ </rdfs:comment>
+ <rdfs:subClassOf rdf:resource="http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#Conjunction"/>
+ </owl:Class>
+ <owl:Class rdf:about="http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#PrepositionalPhrase">
+ <rdfs:comment>
+ A sequence of a preposition and its complement is a prepositional phrase. The complement of a preposition is usually
+ a noun phrase (see examples 38 to 40), but may also be a clause or an adverb phrase. According to the categories
+ recommended here, a prepositional phrase may be analysed further into preposition and noun phrase. The examples
+ below demonstrate how this further analysis can be a recursive procedure.
+
+ (38) [PP en [NP sustitucion [PP de [NP los canales correspondientes [PP de [NP 50 baudios NP] PP] NP] PP] NP] PP].
+ (39) [NP Fairbanks NP] [VP hummed [NP a few bars NP] VP] [PP in [NP a voice [VP made resonant
+ [PP by [NP the very weakness [PP of [NP his chest NP] PP] NP] PP] VP] NP] PP].
+ (40) [PP En [NP el caso [PP de [NP un sistema mixto [PP en [NP el
+ [CL que [VP se utilicen [NP canales [PP con [NP tres velocidades
+ [PP de [NP modulacion NP] PP] diferentes NP] PP] NP] VP] CL] NP] PP] NP] PP] NP] PP]
+
+ In a language such as Spanish, where a large proportion of the modification of nouns takes the form of a following
+ preposition de and another noun, this recursion is extremely prevalent, as in 40. In cases where the prepositional
+ phrase is complemented by a one word noun phrase, it may be advantageous to leave the analysis at this point, rather
+ than continuing to analyse further by enclosing the complement (see also one-word constituents).
+
+ (http://www.ilc.cnr.it/EAGLES96/segsasg1/node34.html#SECTION00052500000000000000)
+ </rdfs:comment>
+ <rdfs:subClassOf>
+ <owl:Class rdf:about="http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#NounHeadedPhrase"/>
+ </rdfs:subClassOf>
+ </owl:Class>
+ <owl:Class rdf:about="http://purl.org/olia/penn.owl#PastParticiple">
+ <rdfs:subClassOf>
+ <owl:Class rdf:about="http://purl.org/olia/penn.owl#Verb"/>
+ </rdfs:subClassOf>
+ <rdfs:subClassOf>
+ <owl:Class rdf:about="http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#Participle"/>
+ </rdfs:subClassOf>
+ <rdfs:comment>This is a verb in past participle.</rdfs:comment>
+ </owl:Class>
+ <owl:Class rdf:about="http://purl.org/olia/penn-syntax.owl#NounPhrase">
+ <rdfs:subClassOf>
+ <owl:Class rdf:about="http://purl.org/olia/penn-syntax.owl#Phrase"/>
+ </rdfs:subClassOf>
+ <rdfs:subClassOf>
+ <owl:Class rdf:about="http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#NounPhrase"/>
+ </rdfs:subClassOf>
+ <rdfs:comment>NP|Noun phrase. Phrasal category that includes all constituents that depend on a head noun.
+(Santorini 1991)
+
+NP — Noun Phrase. Phrasal category that includes all constituents that depend on a head noun.
+(Bies et al. 1995)</rdfs:comment>
+ </owl:Class>
+ <owl:Class rdf:about="http://purl.org/olia/system.owl#UnitOfAnnotation">
+ <rdfs:comment>A UnitOfAnnotation is a structural entity that can be annotated, e.g., a word, token, constituent, or another types of markable.
+Word classes, etc., are then modelled as indirect children of UnitOfAnnotation. The division between Features and classes of UnitsOfAnnotation follows conventional standards.
+ </rdfs:comment>
+ <rdfs:subClassOf rdf:resource="http://purl.org/olia/system.owl#LinguisticAnnotation"/>
+ </owl:Class>
+ <owl:Class rdf:about="http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#Present">
+ <rdfs:subClassOf>
+ <owl:Class rdf:about="http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#AbsoluteTense"/>
+ </rdfs:subClassOf>
+ <rdfs:comment>
+ Present tense refers to the moment of utterance.
+ (http://languagelink.let.uu.nl/tds/onto/LinguisticOntology.owl#presentTense)
+
+ Present tense refers to the moment of utterance.
+ It often refers to events or states that do not merely coincide
+ with the moment of utterance, such as those that are continuous,
+ habitual, or lawlike.
+ (http://www.sil.org/linguistics/glossaryoflinguisticterms/WhatIsPresentTense.htm 17.11.06)
+ </rdfs:comment>
+ </owl:Class>
+ <owl:Class rdf:about="http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#Plural">
+ <rdfs:subClassOf>
+ <owl:Class rdf:about="http://purl.org/olia/olia-top.owl#NumberFeature"/>
+ </rdfs:subClassOf>
+ <rdfs:comment>
+ Plural is a grammatical number, typically referring to more than one of
+ the referent in the real world. In English, nouns, pronouns, and demonstratives
+ inflect for plurality. In many other languages, for example German and the
+ various Romance languages, articles and adjectives also inflect for plurality.
+ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plural 17.11.06)
+ </rdfs:comment>
+ </owl:Class>
+ <owl:Class rdf:about="http://purl.org/olia/penn.owl#GerundOrPresentParticiple">
+ <rdfs:subClassOf>
+ <owl:Class rdf:about="http://purl.org/olia/penn.owl#Verb"/>
+ </rdfs:subClassOf>
+ <rdfs:subClassOf>
+ <owl:Class rdf:about="http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#ing"/>
+ </rdfs:subClassOf>
+ <rdfs:comment>This is a verb in present participle or in gerund.</rdfs:comment>
+ </owl:Class>
+ <owl:Class rdf:about="http://purl.org/olia/penn.owl#Pronoun">
+ <rdfs:comment>This is a class, we inserted to structure the tagset.</rdfs:comment>
+ <rdfs:subClassOf>
+ <owl:Class rdf:about="http://purl.org/olia/penn.owl#Tag"/>
+ </rdfs:subClassOf>
+ <rdfs:subClassOf>
+ <owl:Class rdf:about="http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#Pronoun"/>
+ </rdfs:subClassOf>
+ </owl:Class>
+ <owl:Class rdf:about="http://purl.org/olia/penn-syntax.owl#Clause">
+ <rdfs:subClassOf>
+ <owl:Class rdf:about="http://purl.org/olia/penn-syntax.owl#SyntaxTag"/>
+ </rdfs:subClassOf>
+ <rdfs:subClassOf>
+ <owl:Class rdf:about="http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#Clause"/>
+ </rdfs:subClassOf>
+ <rdfs:comment>We distinguish among a number of basic clause types: S, SINV, SBAR, RRC, SBARQ, SQ, S-CLF, it-extraposition, and FRAG.
+(Bies et al. 1995)
+
+S-CLF is @cat="S" & edge/@func="CLF", so see under ItCleft</rdfs:comment>
+ </owl:Class>
+ <owl:Class rdf:about="http://purl.org/olia/olia-top.owl#Constituent">
+ <rdfs:subClassOf>
+ <owl:Class rdf:about="http://purl.org/olia/olia-top.owl#SyntacticCategory"/>
+ </rdfs:subClassOf>
+ <rdfs:comment>
+ Constituents correspond to a GOLD SyntacticConstruction:
+ SyntacticConstruction is the class of grammar units that
+ have syntactic structure, i.e., consisting of more than
+ one syntactic word or construction in a syntactic
+ configuration. [Crystal 1980, 85-86].
+ (http://www.linguistics-ontology.org/gold/2008)
+
+ Corresponds to units of annotation in the EAGLES recommendations for syntactic annotation
+ (http://www.ilc.cnr.it/EAGLES96/segsasg1/node29.html#SECTION00052000000000000000)
+ </rdfs:comment>
+ </owl:Class>
+ <owl:Class rdf:about="http://purl.org/olia/olia-top.owl#NumberFeature">
+ <rdfs:comment>
+ Grammatical category for the variation in form of nouns, pronouns, and any words agreeing
+ with them, depending on how many persons or things are referred to.
+ (www.wordreference.com/English/definition.asp?en=number 12; http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1298)
+
+ A grammatical number is a morphological category characterized by the expression of quantity
+ through inflection or agreement. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammatical_number 17.11.06)</rdfs:comment>
+ <rdfs:subClassOf>
+ <owl:Class rdf:about="http://purl.org/olia/olia-top.owl#MorphosyntacticFeature"/>
+ </rdfs:subClassOf>
+ </owl:Class>
+ <owl:Class rdf:about="http://purl.org/olia/penn-syntax.owl#ParentheticalNode">
+ <rdfs:subClassOf>
+ <owl:Class rdf:about="http://purl.org/olia/penn-syntax.owl#SyntaxTag"/>
+ </rdfs:subClassOf>
+ <rdfs:subClassOf>
+ <owl:Class rdf:about="http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#ParentheticalPunctuation"/>
+ </rdfs:subClassOf>
+ <rdfs:comment>Parenthetical elements are dominated by a node labeled PRN. Punctuation marks that set off a parenthetical (i.e., commas, dashes, parentheses (-LRB- and -RRB-)) are contained within the PRN node. Use of PRN is determined ultimately by individual annotator intuition, though the presence of dashes or parentheses strongly suggests a parenthetical.
+(Bies et al. 1995)</rdfs:comment>
+ </owl:Class>
+ <owl:Class rdf:about="http://purl.org/olia/olia-top.owl#SyntacticCategory">
+ <rdfs:subClassOf rdf:resource="http://purl.org/olia/olia-top.owl#LinguisticConcept"/>
+ </owl:Class>
+ <owl:Class rdf:about="http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#Adjective">
+ <rdfs:comment>
+ An Adjective is a noun-modifying expression that specifies the properties or attributes of the nominal referent.
+ (http://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsAnAdjective.htm 18.9.06)
+ </rdfs:comment>
+ <rdfs:subClassOf rdf:resource="http://purl.org/olia/olia-top.owl#MorphosyntacticCategory"/>
+ <rdfs:subClassOf rdf:resource="http://purl.org/olia/olia-top.owl#Word"/>
+ </owl:Class>
+ <owl:Class rdf:about="http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#AbsoluteTense">
+ <rdfs:label>absolute tense</rdfs:label>
+ <rdfs:comment>
+ Absolute tense refers to a time in relation to the moment of utterance.
+ (http://languagelink.let.uu.nl/tds/onto/LinguisticOntology.owl#absoluteTense with
+ reference to http://www.sil.org/linguistics/glossaryoflinguisticterms/whatisabsolutetense.htm")
+ </rdfs:comment>
+ <rdfs:subClassOf rdf:resource="http://purl.org/olia/olia-top.owl#TenseFeature"/>
+ </owl:Class>
+ <owl:Class rdf:about="http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#Gerund">
+ <rdfs:subClassOf rdf:resource="http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#NonFiniteVerb"/>
+ <rdfs:comment>
+ property for a non-finite form of a verb other than the infinitive.
+ (http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-2243)
+
+ A gerund is a kind of verbal noun that exists in some languages. In today's English,
+ gerunds are nouns built from a verb with an '-ing' suffix. They can be used as the
+ subject of a sentence, an object, or an object of preposition. They can also be used
+ to complement a subject. Often, gerunds exist side-by-side with nouns that come from
+ the same root but the gerund and the common noun have different shades of meaning.
+ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerund, http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/English:Gerund 19.09.06)
+
+ The term _gerund_ is ambiguous: with respect to Latin, in whose grammatical tradition it originates, it refers to a deverbal noun, and is needed in this function for Polish as well; in descriptions of some other languages, however, it has been used for an adverbial participle.
+ The two meanings have nothing in common, except that the English _ing_-form can translate both. (Ivan A Derzhanski, email 2010/06/09)
+ Here, it is assumed that Gerund refers only to deverbal nouns, cf. NominalNonfiniteVerb in the IIIT tagset (http://purl.org/olia/iiit.owl#NominalNonFiniteVerb)
+ </rdfs:comment>
+ </owl:Class>
+ <owl:Class rdf:about="http://purl.org/olia/penn.owl#BePresentTense">
+ <rdfs:subClassOf>
+ <owl:Class rdf:about="http://purl.org/olia/penn.owl#Verb"/>
+ </rdfs:subClassOf>
+ <rdfs:comment>These are verbforms in present tense. This class includes 3rd person singular or other than 3rd person singular verbforms.</rdfs:comment>
+ </owl:Class>
+ <owl:Class rdf:about="http://purl.org/olia/penn.owl#BePastTense">
+ <rdfs:subClassOf>
+ <owl:Class rdf:about="http://purl.org/olia/penn.owl#Verb"/>
+ </rdfs:subClassOf>
+ <rdfs:comment>This category includes the conditional form of the verb to be.
+EXAMPLES:
+If I were/VBD rich...
+If I were/VBD to win the lottery...</rdfs:comment>
+ </owl:Class>
+ <owl:Class rdf:about="http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#VerbPhrase">
+ <rdfs:comment>
+ This category is slightly more difficult to define, since there is disagreement over the extent of the verb phrase.
+ In particular, should the verb phrase include only the words that are verbs, or should it also include the
+ complements of the verb? In the examples given in this document, and in the sample texts in the appendices, we have
+ chosen to include the complements, but it must be noted that this is an open issue, and we are in no way implying
+ that this analysis is preferable to the alternative. The choice to be made at this level, i.e. the inclusion or
+ exclusion of verbal complements in the Verb Phrase, is shown by the examples in 27 and 28, 27 showing the inclusion
+ of the complement of the verb in the verb phrase and 28 excluding the complement:
+
+ (27) He [VP took up [NP a clothes brush NP] VP]
+ (28) He [VP took up VP] [NP a clothes brush NP]
+
+ An advantage in the type of analysis shown in 27 is that the relative levels of the constituents can be shown to a
+ greater extent -- i.e. complements of the verb are included in the verb phrase, while adjuncts and peripheral
+ adverbials are left at sentence level.
+
+ However, in a case where an adjunct occurs before the complement of the verb, the approaches used in 27 and 28 would
+ cause problems, since either both the adjunct and the complement would be included as daughters of the verb phrase,
+ or both would be daughters of the sentence, rather than keeping the complement as a daughter of the verb phrase and
+ the adjunct as a sister of the verb phrase. These problems may be solved by an additional notation, but at some
+ level, arbitrariness is inevitable.
+
+ Regardless of the choice made over the extent of the Verb Phrase, there arises a problem of discontinuous Verb
+ Phrases. A complex verbal construction may be discontinuous, e.g. the auxiliary and the main verb are separated in
+ inverted constructions in English, or the main verb is positioned at the end of the sentence in German and Dutch.
+ Such discontinuity can be avoided by having different labels and constituents for the auxiliary verb and the main
+ verb, resulting in an analysis as shown in the Dutch example 29 below:
+
+ (29) [NP Ze NP] [AUX zullen AUX] [ADVP er ADVP] [VP [NP de VN-agenda
+ [PP voor [NP het komende jaar NP] PP] NP] behandelen VP].
+
+ and in the English interrogative inverted example 30, using the so-called `dummy auxiliary' do:
+
+ (30) [AUX Do AUX] [NP they NP] [VP confide [PP in you PP] VP]?
+
+ As with Noun Phrases, Verb Phrases can be identified by a constituency test. In strong constituency languages like
+ English, the whole VP can be moved, but not part of it: compare 31 and 32:
+
+ (31) Give in to blackmail, I never will
+ (32) *Give in, I never will to blackmail
+
+ However, there are languages in which constituent tests do not work. These will typically be languages with flexible
+ word order, such as Finnish. 33 is an example of a discontinuous VP (Vilkuna 1989: 26):
+
+ (33) Maailmaa nähnyt hän on.
+ world-Part seen he is
+ `He IS a widely-travelled person.'
+
+ For Finnish, then, evidence for a VP is less convincing than it is for English, and a dependency approach seems the
+ more natural choice. (Covington (1990) provides a parsing strategy for variable word order languages and Covington
+ (1991) for parsing discontinuous constituents, both using a dependency syntax approach.)
+
+ In Italian also, constituency tests cannot be applied. This can be shown through the distribution of VP-adverbs
+ (e.g. completamente `completely', intenzionalmente `intentionally', attentamente `carefully') and S-adverbs (e.g.
+ probabilmente `probably', certamente `certainly'). In English, these different classes of adverbs have a different
+ distribution within the sentence. In contrast, in Italian, the distinct adverb classes cannot be distinguished on
+ the basis of their distribution in the sentence. S-adverbs and VP-adverbs can occur in the same positions within the
+ sentence, as illustrated in examples 34 to 37:
+
+ (34) Attentamente/certamente, il bambino ascoltó la storia
+ `Carefully/certainly, the child listened to the story'
+ (35) Il bambino attentamente/certamente ascoltó la storia
+ `The child carefully/certainly listened to the story'
+ (36) Il bambino ascoltó attentamente/certamente la storia
+ `The child listened carefully/certainly to the story'
+ (37) Il bambino ascoltó la storia attentamente/certamente
+ `The child listened to the story carefully/certainly'
+
+ Thus, in Italian as well as other languages, neither the position nor the syntactic context can help to decide
+ whether an adverb is an S-adverb or a VP-adverb; this can only be stated by considering its semantic content and the
+ way it relates to the content of the predicate or the sentence. This situation has consequences for the success of
+ standard VP-tests.
+ (http://www.ilc.cnr.it/EAGLES96/segsasg1/node33.html)
+ </rdfs:comment>
+ <rdfs:subClassOf>
+ <owl:Class rdf:about="http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#Phrase"/>
+ </rdfs:subClassOf>
+ </owl:Class>
+ <owl:Class rdf:about="http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#SecondaryPunctuation">
+ <rdfs:subClassOf>
+ <owl:Class rdf:about="http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#Punctuation"/>
+ </rdfs:subClassOf>
+ <rdfs:comment>
+ Punctuation that is not very important with regards to sentence splitting in a text.
+ (http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-2076)
+ </rdfs:comment>
+ <rdfs:label>secondary punctuation</rdfs:label>
+ </owl:Class>
+ <owl:Class rdf:about="http://purl.org/olia/penn.owl#Noun">
+ <rdfs:comment>We inserted this class 'noun' to get a clearer ontology structure. In The Penn Treebank Tag Set there is no class 'noun'.</rdfs:comment>
+ <rdfs:subClassOf>
+ <owl:Class rdf:about="http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#Noun"/>
+ </rdfs:subClassOf>
+ <rdfs:subClassOf>
+ <owl:Class rdf:about="http://purl.org/olia/penn.owl#Tag"/>
+ </rdfs:subClassOf>
+ </owl:Class>
+ <owl:Class rdf:about="http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#Verb">
+ <rdfs:subClassOf rdf:resource="http://purl.org/olia/olia-top.owl#Word"/>
+ <rdfs:subClassOf rdf:resource="http://purl.org/olia/olia-top.owl#MorphosyntacticCategory"/>
+ <rdfs:comment>
+ A verb is a part of speech that usually denotes action ("bring", "read"),
+ occurrence ("decompose", "glitter"), or a state of being ("exist", "stand").
+ Depending on the language, a verb may vary in form according to many factors,
+ possibly including its tense, aspect, mood and voice. It may also agree with
+ the person, gender, and/or number of some of its arguments (subject, object, etc.).
+ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verb 19.09.06)
+ </rdfs:comment>
+ </owl:Class>
+ <owl:Class rdf:about="http://purl.org/olia/penn.owl#Adverb">
+ <rdfs:subClassOf>
+ <owl:Class rdf:about="http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#Adverb"/>
+ </rdfs:subClassOf>
+ <rdfs:subClassOf>
+ <owl:Class rdf:about="http://purl.org/olia/penn.owl#Tag"/>
+ </rdfs:subClassOf>
+ <rdfs:comment>This category includes most words that end in -ly as well as degree words like "quite", "too" and "very", posthead modifiers like "enough" and "indeed" (as in "good enough", "very well indeed"), and negative markers like "not", "n' t" and "never".</rdfs:comment>
+ </owl:Class>
+ <owl:Class rdf:about="http://purl.org/olia/penn-syntax.owl#AdjectivePhrase">
+ <rdfs:subClassOf>
+ <owl:Class rdf:about="http://purl.org/olia/penn-syntax.owl#Phrase"/>
+ </rdfs:subClassOf>
+ <rdfs:subClassOf>
+ <owl:Class rdf:about="http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#AdjectivePhrase"/>
+ </rdfs:subClassOf>
+ <rdfs:comment>ADJP|Adjective phrase. Phrasal category headed by an adjective (including comparative and
+superlative adjectives). Example: outrageously expensive.
+(Santorini 1991)
+
+ADJP — Adjective Phrase. Phrasal category headed by an adjective (including comparative and superlative adjectives). Example: outrageously expensive.
+(Bies et al. 1995)</rdfs:comment>
+ </owl:Class>
+ <owl:Class rdf:about="http://purl.org/olia/penn-syntax.owl#SubordinateClause">
+ <rdfs:subClassOf>
+ <owl:Class rdf:about="http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#SubordinateClause"/>
+ </rdfs:subClassOf>
+ <rdfs:subClassOf rdf:resource="http://purl.org/olia/penn-syntax.owl#Clause"/>
+ <rdfs:comment>SBAR|Clause introduced by a (possibly empty) subordinating conjunction.
+(Santorini 1991)
+
+SBAR is used for relative clauses and subordinate clauses, including indirect questions. ...
+SBAR — Clause introduced by a (possibly empty) subordinating conjunction.
+
+(Bies et al. 1995)</rdfs:comment>
+ </owl:Class>
+ <owl:Class rdf:about="http://purl.org/olia/penn.owl#ComparativeAdjective">
+ <rdfs:subClassOf>
+ <owl:Class rdf:about="http://purl.org/olia/penn.owl#Adjective"/>
+ </rdfs:subClassOf>
+ <rdfs:subClassOf>
+ <owl:Class rdf:about="http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#Comparative"/>
+ </rdfs:subClassOf>
+ <rdfs:comment>These are adjectives mostly with the comparative ending -er and a comparative meaning. "More" or "less" should be tagged as a comparative adjective when it is used without a head noun and it
+corresponds to the object of a verb or preposition.</rdfs:comment>
+ </owl:Class>
+ <owl:Class rdf:about="http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#Phrase">
+ <rdfs:comment>
+ Phrase is the class of syntactic constructions that consist of one or more
+ syntactic words, but lack the subject-predicate organization of a clause.
+ Phrases get their grammatical characteristics according to what word occupies
+ the head position; thus, all phrases have heads [Crystal 1980, 232-233; Pei
+ and Gaynor 1954, 169; Pike and Pike 1982, 453].
+ (http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/Phrase)
+ </rdfs:comment>
+ <rdfs:subClassOf rdf:resource="http://purl.org/olia/olia-top.owl#Constituent"/>
+ </owl:Class>
+ <owl:Class rdf:about="http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#NounPhrase">
+ <rdfs:comment>
+ At phrase level, the noun phrase is probably the least problematic of the categories to be dealt
+ with. In general, a noun phrase will a have noun or a pronoun as its head, and included within
+ the noun phrase are the determinative elements, any premodification, and any postmodification.
+ The examples below, 14 to 17 show noun phrases with the head noun/pronoun in bold:
+
+ (14) [NP He NP] was a tiny man
+ (15) [NP his white shirt cuffs NP]
+ (16) [NP his surprisingly thick and hairy wrists NP]
+ (17) [NP some wholly unanticipated but remotely possible event of absorbing interest NP]
+
+ However, noun phrases may also occur with adjectival heads, as in 18 and 19:
+
+ (18) [NP The unemployed NP] have had enough
+ (19) We've beaten [NP the best NP]
+
+ or with a head which is a cardinal or ordinal number, as in 20 and 21:
+
+ (20) [NP The ninth NP] is my particular favourite
+ (21) [NP The other seven NP] continued with the trip
+
+ In `pro-drop' languages, such as Spanish and Italian, pronominal Subjects are usually not expressed.
+ Depending on the chosen type of analysis, this may require another definition of noun phrase, in order
+ to include `empty noun phrases', in which the pronoun is not actually present, but may be inferred
+ from the verb ending.
+
+ A classic constituency test for Noun Phrases is that only whole NPs can be moved within the same sentence.
+ In English, constituents can be preposed to achieve some effect, as in 23 (from Radford 1988: 70):
+
+ (22) I can't stand your elder sister
+ (23) Your elder sister I can't stand (though your brother's OK).
+
+ Examples 24 and 25 show that it is not possible to move only part of the NP:
+
+ (24) *Your elder I can't stand sister
+ (25) *Elder sister, I can't stand your
+
+ However, this test should be used with caution. It works well in English, but not always in other languages.
+ For example, in 26 Neue Bücher is moved to the beginning of the sentence while keine is left at the end:
+
+ (26) Neue Bücher habe ich keine
+ new books have I no
+ `I have not got any new books'
+ (http://www.ilc.cnr.it/EAGLES96/segsasg1/node32.html)
+ </rdfs:comment>
+ <rdfs:subClassOf>
+ <owl:Class rdf:about="http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#NounHeadedPhrase"/>
+ </rdfs:subClassOf>
+ </owl:Class>
+ <owl:Class rdf:about="http://purl.org/olia/penn-syntax.owl#Parenthetical">
+ <rdfs:subClassOf>
+ <owl:Class rdf:about="http://purl.org/olia/penn-syntax.owl#Phrase"/>
+ </rdfs:subClassOf>
+ <rdfs:subClassOf>
+ <owl:Class rdf:about="http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#ParentheticalPunctuation"/>
+ </rdfs:subClassOf>
+ <rdfs:comment>PRN
+— Parenthetical. (See section 2.6 below for a complete description.)
+(Bies et al. 1995)</rdfs:comment>
+ </owl:Class>
+ <owl:Class rdf:about="http://purl.org/olia/penn.owl#PossessivePronoun">
+ <rdfs:subClassOf rdf:resource="http://purl.org/olia/penn.owl#Pronoun"/>
+ <rdfs:subClassOf>
+ <owl:Class rdf:about="http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#PossessivePronoun"/>
+ </rdfs:subClassOf>
+ <rdfs:comment>Both substitutive and attributive 'her' are covered by this categorie. It's thus PossessiveDeterminer or PossessivePronoun.</rdfs:comment>
+ </owl:Class>
+ <owl:Class rdf:about="http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#Determiner">
+ <rdfs:subClassOf>
+ <owl:Class rdf:about="http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#PronounOrDeterminer"/>
+ </rdfs:subClassOf>
+ <rdfs:comment>
+ A determiner is a noun modifier that expresses the reference of a noun or noun phrase
+ in the context, including quantity, rather than attributes expressed by adjectives.
+ This part of speech is defined in some languages, such as in English, as it is distinct
+ from adjectives grammatically, though most English dictionaries still identify the
+ determiners as adjectives.
+ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Determiner 19.09.06)
+ </rdfs:comment>
+ </owl:Class>
+ <owl:Class rdf:about="http://purl.org/olia/olia-top.owl#CaseFeature">
+ <rdfs:subClassOf>
+ <owl:Class rdf:about="http://purl.org/olia/olia-top.owl#MorphosyntacticFeature"/>
+ </rdfs:subClassOf>
+ <rdfs:comment>Case is a grammatical category determined by the syntactic or semantic function of a noun or pronoun. The term case has traditionally been restricted to apply to only those languages which indicate certain functions by the inflection of nouns, pronouns, or noun phrase constituents, such as adjectives and numerals. (http://www.sil.org/linguistics/glossaryoflinguisticterms/WhatIsCase.htm 17.11.06)</rdfs:comment>
+ </owl:Class>
+ <owl:Class rdf:about="http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#Quantifier">
+ <rdfs:comment>
+ A quantifier is a determiner that expresses a referent's definite or indefinite number or amount.
+ A quantifier functions as a modifier of a noun, or pronoun.
+ (http://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsAQuantifier.htm 19.09.06)
+ </rdfs:comment>
+ <rdfs:subClassOf rdf:resource="http://purl.org/olia/olia-top.owl#MorphosyntacticCategory"/>
+ <rdfs:subClassOf rdf:resource="http://purl.org/olia/olia-top.owl#Word"/>
+ </owl:Class>
+ <owl:Class rdf:about="http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#Superlative">
+ <rdfs:comment>
+ The superlative of an adjective or adverb is a form of adjective or
+ adverb which indicates that something has some feature to a greater
+ degree than anything it is being compared to in a given context.
+ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superlative 17.11.06)
+ </rdfs:comment>
+ <rdfs:subClassOf rdf:resource="http://purl.org/olia/olia-top.owl#DegreeFeature"/>
+ </owl:Class>
+ <owl:Class rdf:about="http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#Pronoun">
+ <rdfs:subClassOf>
+ <owl:Class rdf:about="http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#PronounOrDeterminer"/>
+ </rdfs:subClassOf>
+ <rdfs:comment>
+ A pronoun is a pro-form which functions like a noun and substitutes for a
+ noun or a noun-phrase. A language may have several classes of pronouns.
+ (http://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsAPronoun.htm 19.09.06)
+
+ A pronominal is a phrase that functions as a pronoun
+ (www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsAPronominal.htm; http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1369)
+ </rdfs:comment>
+ </owl:Class>
+ <owl:Class rdf:about="http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#Clause">
+ <rdfs:comment>
+ Traditionally sentences are deemed to be composed of major constituents
+ known as clauses, which may be main clauses (not included in a superordinate
+ clause) or embedded clauses (included in a superordinate clause) such as
+ relative clauses or adverbial clauses. A main clause, unless it is coordinated,
+ is equivalent to a simple sentence, and does not need to be separately labelled.
+ Embedded and coordinated clauses, on the other hand, will need to be separately
+ identified. We recommend that such units be identified in the annotation, and
+ labelled either as sentences (S) or as clauses (CL), according to the preference
+ specified in the annotation scheme.
+
+ The reason for allowing choice here is that different theoretical preferences
+ have to be accommodated. In some syntactic models, the `clause' category is not
+ used (except informally), embedded clauses being marked by included [S]
+ constituents. In other models, clauses are identified as such, even where they
+ are coextensive with an independent sentence.
+
+ One solution which commends itself (and is employed in the Lancaster Treebank and
+ the SUSANNE Corpus) is to retain [S ... S] as the delimiter of sentences, whether
+ included or not, and also to use [S ... S] for the coordinated parts of a compound
+ sentence; but to use `clause' labels for subordinate clauses. An example which
+ illustrates this division is 12:
+
+ (12) [S [S The distinction at issue is relatively clear S] , but [S closer
+ examination reveals [CL that all is not quite so straightforward
+ [CL as it seems CL] CL] S] . S]
+
+ Embedded (subordinate) clauses are generally identified by some sign of their
+ dependence on the superordinate clause or sentence, such as an introductory
+ conjunction or a non-finite verb form. It is noticeable that the coordinated
+ parts of the compound sentence do not have to be clause-like units with subjects
+ and verbs, and to this extent [CL] would be a misleading label to apply to them.
+ This is true, in 13, of so far so good in:
+
+ (13) [S [S So far so good S] , but [S now consider gender in adjectives S] . S]
+ (http://www.ilc.cnr.it/EAGLES96/segsasg1/node31.html)
+ </rdfs:comment>
+ <rdfs:subClassOf rdf:resource="http://purl.org/olia/olia-top.owl#Constituent"/>
+ </owl:Class>
+ <owl:Class rdf:about="http://purl.org/olia/olia-top.owl#MorphosyntacticFeature">
+ <rdfs:subClassOf>
+ <owl:Class rdf:about="http://purl.org/olia/system.owl#Feature"/>
+ </rdfs:subClassOf>
+ <rdfs:subClassOf rdf:resource="http://purl.org/olia/olia-top.owl#LinguisticConcept"/>
+ <rdfs:comment>Morphosyntactic and morphological features.</rdfs:comment>
+ </owl:Class>
+ <owl:Class rdf:about="http://purl.org/olia/penn.owl#WhDeterminer">
+ <rdfs:subClassOf rdf:resource="http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#WHDeterminer"/>
+ <rdfs:subClassOf>
+ <owl:Class rdf:about="http://purl.org/olia/penn.owl#Determiner"/>
+ </rdfs:subClassOf>
+ <rdfs:comment>This category includes "which", as well as that when it is used as a relative pronoun.</rdfs:comment>
+ </owl:Class>
+ <owl:Class rdf:about="http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#Noun">
+ <rdfs:subClassOf rdf:resource="http://purl.org/olia/olia-top.owl#Word"/>
+ <rdfs:subClassOf rdf:resource="http://purl.org/olia/olia-top.owl#MorphosyntacticCategory"/>
+ <rdfs:comment>
+ A noun, or noun substantive, is a part of speech (a word or phrase) which can co-occur with
+ (in)definite articles and attributive adjectives, and function as the head of a noun phrase.
+
+ The word "noun" derives from the Latin 'nomen' meaning "name", and a traditional definition
+ of nouns is that they are all and only those expressions that refer to a person, place,
+ thing, event, substance, quality, idea or an appointment. They serve as the subject or object
+ of a verb, and the object of a preposition.
+ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noun 19.09.06)
+ </rdfs:comment>
+ </owl:Class>
+ <owl:Class rdf:about="http://purl.org/olia/penn.owl#ProperNoun">
+ <rdfs:subClassOf>
+ <owl:Class rdf:about="http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#ProperNoun"/>
+ </rdfs:subClassOf>
+ <rdfs:subClassOf rdf:resource="http://purl.org/olia/penn.owl#Noun"/>
+ <rdfs:comment>These are singular or plural proper nouns.</rdfs:comment>
+ </owl:Class>
+ <owl:Class rdf:about="http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#Past">
+ <rdfs:subClassOf rdf:resource="http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#AbsoluteTense"/>
+ <rdfs:comment>
+ The past tense is a verb tense expressing action, activity, state
+ or being in the past. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Past_tense 17.11.06)
+
+ The past tense refers to a tense category which places an event in the past.
+ (http://languagelink.let.uu.nl/tds/onto/LinguisticOntology.owl#pastTense)
+ </rdfs:comment>
+ </owl:Class>
+ <owl:Class rdf:about="http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#Singular">
+ <rdfs:subClassOf rdf:resource="http://purl.org/olia/olia-top.owl#NumberFeature"/>
+ <rdfs:comment>
+ Singular is a grammatical number denoting a unit quantity (as opposed
+ to the plural and other forms). (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singular
+ 17.11.06)
+ </rdfs:comment>
+ </owl:Class>
+ <owl:Class rdf:about="http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#ModalVerb">
+ <rdfs:comment>
+ Verb form that is usually used with another verb to express ideas such as possibilities, permission, or intention.
+ (Gil Francopoulo; http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1329)
+
+ A modal verb (also modal, modal auxiliary verb, modal auxiliary) is a type of auxiliary
+ verb that is used to indicate modality. The use of auxiliary verbs to express modality
+ is characteristic of Germanic languages.
+ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modal_verb 19.09.06)
+
+ In addition to main and auxiliary verbs, it may be useful (e.g. in English) to recognise an intermediate
+ category of semi-auxiliary for such verbs as be going to, have got to, ought to.
+ (http://www.ilc.cnr.it/EAGLES96/annotate/node18.html#oav1v 20.09.06)
+
+ The auxiliaries in English subdivide into the primary verbs `be', `have', and `do', which can also function
+ as main verbs, and the modal auxiliaries such as `can', `will', and `would', which are uninflected, and always
+ function as auxiliaries.
+ (http://www.ilc.cnr.it/EAGLES96/morphsyn/node158.html#SECTION00054800000000000000)
+ </rdfs:comment>
+ <rdfs:subClassOf rdf:resource="http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#AuxiliaryVerb"/>
+ </owl:Class>
+ <owl:Class rdf:about="http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#SubordinateClause">
+ <rdfs:comment>
+ SubordinateClause is the class of clauses that cannot stand on their
+ own as sentences. A matrix clause combined with a subordinate clause
+ form a main clause. In the sentence 'John thinks that Mary is sick',
+ 'Mary is sick' is the subordinate clause.
+ (http://purl.org/linguistics/gold/SubordinateClause)
+
+ Dependent clauses (which are also sometimes referred to as subordinate
+ clauses) cannot stand alone as sentences. They usually begin with
+ subordinating conjunctions. A sentence with an independent clause and
+ any number of dependent clauses is referred to as a complex sentence.
+ One with two or more independent clauses and any number of dependent
+ clauses is referred to as a compound-complex sentence
+ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clause, cf.
+ http://languagelink.let.uu.nl/tds/onto/LinguisticOntology.owl#subordinateClause).
+
+ A subordinate clause is an embedded construction which contains a finite verb form.
+ (http://languagelink.let.uu.nl/tds/onto/LinguisticOntology.owl#finiteEmbeddedConstruction)
+ </rdfs:comment>
+ <rdfs:subClassOf>
+ <owl:Class rdf:about="http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#FiniteClause"/>
+ </rdfs:subClassOf>
+ </owl:Class>
+ <owl:Class rdf:about="http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#PossessivePronoun">
+ <rdfs:comment>
+ A possessive pronoun is a pronoun that expresses relationships like ownership, such as kinship, and other forms of association.
+ (http://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsAPossessivePronoun.htm 19.09.06)
+ </rdfs:comment>
+ <rdfs:subClassOf rdf:resource="http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#Pronoun"/>
+ </owl:Class>
+ <owl:Class rdf:about="http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#Participle">
+ <rdfs:subClassOf rdf:resource="http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#NonFiniteVerb"/>
+ <rdfs:comment>
+ A participle is a lexical item, derived from a verb that has some of the characteristics and functions of both verbs and adjectives.
+ In English, participles may be used as adjectives, and in non-finite forms of verbs.
+ (http://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsAParticiple.htm 19.09.06)
+ </rdfs:comment>
+ </owl:Class>
+ <owl:Class rdf:about="http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#GenitiveCase">
+ <rdfs:comment>
+ Genitive case signals that the referent of the marked noun is the possessor
+ of the referent of another noun, e.g. "the man's foot". In some languages,
+ genitive case may express an associative relation between the marked noun
+ and another noun.
+ (http://www.sil.org/linguistics/glossaryoflinguisticterms/WhatIsGenitiveCase.htm 17.11.06)
+ </rdfs:comment>
+ <rdfs:subClassOf rdf:resource="http://purl.org/olia/olia-top.owl#CaseFeature"/>
+ </owl:Class>
+ <owl:Class rdf:about="http://purl.org/olia/penn.owl#Tag">
+ <rdfs:subClassOf rdf:resource="http://purl.org/olia/system.owl#LinguisticAnnotation"/>
+ </owl:Class>
+ <owl:Class rdf:about="http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#CommonNoun">
+ <rdfs:comment>
+ A common noun is a noun that signifies a non-specific member of a group.
+ (http://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsACommonNoun.htm 19.09.06)
+ </rdfs:comment>
+ <rdfs:subClassOf rdf:resource="http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#Noun"/>
+ </owl:Class>
+ <owl:Class rdf:about="http://purl.org/olia/penn.owl#PersonalPronoun">
+ <rdfs:subClassOf rdf:resource="http://purl.org/olia/penn.owl#Pronoun"/>
+ <rdfs:comment>This category includes the personal pronouns proper, without regard for case distinctions ("I", "me", "you", "he", "him", etc.), the reflexive pronouns ending in -self or -selves, and the nominal possessive pronouns "mine", "yours", "his", "hers", "ours" and "theirs".</rdfs:comment>
+ </owl:Class>
+ <owl:Class rdf:about="http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#Punctuation">
+ <rdfs:comment>
+ Punctuation marks (PU) are treated here as a part of morphosyntactic annotation, as it
+ is very common for punctuation marks to be tagged and to be treated as equivalent to
+ words for the purposes of automatic tag assignment.
+ (http://www.ilc.cnr.it/EAGLES96/annotate/node16.html#mp 19.09.06)
+ </rdfs:comment>
+ <rdfs:subClassOf rdf:resource="http://purl.org/olia/olia-top.owl#MorphosyntacticCategory"/>
+ <rdfs:subClassOf rdf:resource="http://purl.org/olia/olia-top.owl#Word"/>
+ </owl:Class>
+ <owl:Class rdf:about="http://purl.org/olia/penn-syntax.owl#SyntaxTag">
+ <rdfs:subClassOf rdf:resource="http://purl.org/olia/system.owl#UnitOfAnnotation"/>
+ <rdfs:comment>Santorini (1991, §4.1), in TIGER cat label of syntactic nodes</rdfs:comment>
+ </owl:Class>
+ <owl:Class rdf:about="http://purl.org/olia/penn-syntax.owl#Phrase">
+ <rdfs:comment>(Bies et al. 1995, §2.1.2)</rdfs:comment>
+ <rdfs:subClassOf rdf:resource="http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#Phrase"/>
+ <rdfs:subClassOf rdf:resource="http://purl.org/olia/penn-syntax.owl#SyntaxTag"/>
+ </owl:Class>
+ <owl:Class rdf:about="http://purl.org/olia/penn.owl#Adjective">
+ <rdfs:subClassOf rdf:resource="http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#Adjective"/>
+ <rdfs:subClassOf rdf:resource="http://purl.org/olia/penn.owl#Tag"/>
+ <rdfs:comment>These are adjectives, ordinal numerals, and ordinal numbers.
+Hyphenated compounds that are used as modifiers are tagged as adjectives, e.g. "happy-go-lucky", "one-of-a-kind", "run-of-the-mill". Ordinal numbers are tagged as adjectives, as are compounds of the form "n-th" or "X-est", like "fourth-largest".</rdfs:comment>
+ </owl:Class>
+ <owl:Class rdf:about="http://purl.org/olia/penn.owl#ModalVerb">
+ <rdfs:subClassOf>
+ <owl:Class rdf:about="http://purl.org/olia/penn.owl#Verb"/>
+ </rdfs:subClassOf>
+ <rdfs:subClassOf rdf:resource="http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#ModalVerb"/>
+ <rdfs:comment>This category includes all verbs that don't take an -s ending in the third person singular present: "can",
+"could", ("dare"), "may", "might", "must", "ought", "shall", "should", "will", "would".</rdfs:comment>
+ </owl:Class>
+ <owl:Class rdf:about="http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#ProperNoun">
+ <rdfs:comment>
+ Proper nouns (also called proper names) are the names of unique entities.
+ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noun 19.09.06)
+ </rdfs:comment>
+ <rdfs:subClassOf rdf:resource="http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#Noun"/>
+ </owl:Class>
+ <owl:Class rdf:about="http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#Numeral">
+ <rdfs:subClassOf rdf:resource="http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#Quantifier"/>
+ <rdfs:comment>
+ A numeral is a word, functioning most typically as an adjective or pronoun,
+ that expresses a number, and relation to the number, such as one of the
+ following: Quantity, Sequence, Frequency, Fraction.
+ (http://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsANumeral.htm 19.09.06)
+ </rdfs:comment>
+ </owl:Class>
+ <owl:Class rdf:about="http://purl.org/olia/penn.owl#CoordinatingConjunction">
+ <rdfs:subClassOf rdf:resource="http://purl.org/olia/penn.owl#Conjunction"/>
+ <rdfs:subClassOf rdf:resource="http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#CoordinatingConjunction"/>
+ <rdfs:comment>This category includes "and", "but", "nor", "or", "yet" (as in "Yet it's cheap", "cheap yet good"), as well as the mathematical operators "plus", "minus", "less", "times" (in the sense of "multiplied by") and "over" (in the sense of "divided by"), when they are spelled out.
+For in the sense of "because" is a coordinating conjunction.</rdfs:comment>
+ </owl:Class>
+ <owl:Class rdf:about="http://purl.org/olia/penn.owl#Determiner">
+ <rdfs:subClassOf rdf:resource="http://purl.org/olia/penn.owl#Tag"/>
+ <rdfs:comment>Not clear whether this corresponds to OLiA/EAGLES determiners, because some predeterminers seem to be adverbs rather than determiners proper.</rdfs:comment>
+ </owl:Class>
+ <owl:Class rdf:about="http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#NounHeadedPhrase">
+ <rdfs:subClassOf rdf:resource="http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#Phrase"/>
+ <rdfs:comment>
+ A NounHeadedPhrase takes a nominal as its (semantic) head.
+ Introduced as a generalization over NounPhrase and PrepositionalPhrase for reasons of consistency with dependency parsers like
+ Connexor where this differentiation is not made.
+ </rdfs:comment>
+ </owl:Class>
+ <owl:Class rdf:about="http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#Comparative">
+ <rdfs:comment>
+ The comparative is the form of an adjective or adverb which denotes
+ the degree or grade by which a person, thing, or other entity has a
+ property or quality greater or less in extent than that of another.
+ In English the structure of a comparative consists normally of the
+ positive form of the adjective or adverb, plus the suffix -er, or
+ (especially in the case of longer words) the modifier "more" (or
+ "less") before the adjective or adverb. The form is usually completed
+ by "than" and the noun which is being compared, e.g. "he is taller
+ than his father is", or "the village is less picturesque than the
+ town near by is". (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparative 17.11.06)
+ </rdfs:comment>
+ <rdfs:subClassOf rdf:resource="http://purl.org/olia/olia-top.owl#DegreeFeature"/>
+ </owl:Class>
+ <owl:Class rdf:about="http://purl.org/olia/penn.owl#BaseForm">
+ <rdfs:subClassOf>
+ <owl:Class rdf:about="http://purl.org/olia/penn.owl#Verb"/>
+ </rdfs:subClassOf>
+ <rdfs:comment>This tag subsumes imperatives, infinitives and subjunctives.
+EXAMPLES:
+Imperative: Do/VB it.
+Infinitive: You should do/VB it.
+ We want them to do/VB it.
+ We made them do/VB it.
+Subjunctive: We suggested that he do/VB it.</rdfs:comment>
+ </owl:Class>
+ <owl:Class rdf:about="http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#ing">
+ <rdfs:comment>English verb forms ending in '-ing' that represent either Gerunds or Participles.</rdfs:comment>
+ <rdfs:subClassOf rdf:resource="http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#Participle"/>
+ <rdfs:subClassOf rdf:resource="http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#Gerund"/>
+ </owl:Class>
+ <owl:Class rdf:about="http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#FiniteClause">
+ <rdfs:subClassOf rdf:resource="http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#Clause"/>
+ </owl:Class>
+ <owl:Class rdf:about="http://purl.org/olia/penn.owl#PossessiveEnding">
+ <rdfs:subClassOf rdf:resource="http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#GenitiveCase"/>
+ <rdfs:subClassOf rdf:resource="http://purl.org/olia/penn.owl#Tag"/>
+ <rdfs:subClassOf rdf:resource="http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#Residual"/>
+ <rdfs:comment>The possessive ending on nouns ending in 's or is split off by the tagging algorithm and tagged as if it
+were a separate word. e.g. "John/ NP 's/POS idea", "the parents/NNS'/POS distress".</rdfs:comment>
+ </owl:Class>
+ <owl:Class rdf:about="http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#AdjectivePhrase">
+ <rdfs:comment>
+ An adjective phrase may consist of an adjective, or a sequence of words in which an adjective is the head of the
+ phrase, as shown in 47 to 50 below.
+
+ (47) [NP his [ADJP surprisingly thick and hairy ADJP] wrists NP]
+ (48) [NP some [ADJP [ADJP wholly unanticipated ADJP] but [ADJP remotely possible ADJP] ADJP] event NP]
+ (49) [S [NP His speeches NP] [VP are [ADVP always ADVP] [ADJP too long [PP for comfort PP] ADJP] VP] S]
+ (50) [AUX have AUX] [NP you NP] [VP found [NP something
+ [ADJP suitable [PP for [NP your needs NP] PP] ADJP] NP] VP] ?
+ (http://www.ilc.cnr.it/EAGLES96/segsasg1/node36.html)
+ </r...
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