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[DL-Learner SVN] SF.net SVN: dl-learner:[3312] trunk/test
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From: <ku...@us...> - 2011-10-20 17:01:07
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Revision: 3312
http://dl-learner.svn.sourceforge.net/dl-learner/?rev=3312&view=rev
Author: kurzum
Date: 2011-10-20 17:00:58 +0000 (Thu, 20 Oct 2011)
Log Message:
-----------
test cases for owl api
Added Paths:
-----------
trunk/test/testToFix/
trunk/test/testToFix/data1.owl
trunk/test/testToFix/data2.owl
trunk/test/testToFix/double_import.conf
trunk/test/testToFix/ontology_not_imported.conf
trunk/test/testToFix/sso.owl
Added: trunk/test/testToFix/data1.owl
===================================================================
--- trunk/test/testToFix/data1.owl (rev 0)
+++ trunk/test/testToFix/data1.owl 2011-10-20 17:00:58 UTC (rev 3312)
@@ -0,0 +1,1496 @@
+<rdf:RDF
+ xmlns:j.0="http://purl.org/olia/stanford.owl#"
+ xmlns:rdf="http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#"
+ xmlns:j.2="http://purl.org/olia/penn-syntax.owl#"
+ xmlns:j.1="http://nlp2rdf.lod2.eu/schema/string/"
+ xmlns:j.3="http://purl.org/olia/system.owl#"
+ xmlns:owl="http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#"
+ xmlns:j.4="http://nlp2rdf.lod2.eu/schema/sso/"
+ xmlns:xsd="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#"
+ xmlns:j.5="http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#"
+ xmlns:j.6="http://purl.org/olia/penn.owl#"
+ xmlns:j.7="http://purl.org/olia/olia-top.owl#"
+ xmlns:rdfs="http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#" >
+ <rdf:Description rdf:about="http://purl.org/olia/olia-top.owl#LinguisticConcept">
+ <rdfs:comment>The OLiA ontology specifies linguistic concepts on a theoretical basis, as for concepts used in annotations, see system.owl.
+There is a great extent of overlap between LinguisticCategories/LinguisticFeatures and Categories/Features as defined in system.owl.</rdfs:comment>
+ <rdf:type rdf:resource="http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#Class"/>
+ </rdf:Description>
+ <rdf:Description rdf:about="http://nlp2rdf.lod2.eu/nif/offset_118_125_The+boy">
+ <rdf:type rdf:resource="http://nlp2rdf.lod2.eu/schema/string/OffsetBasedString"/>
+ <rdf:type rdf:resource="http://nlp2rdf.lod2.eu/schema/sso/Phrase"/>
+ <j.1:anchorOf>The boy</j.1:anchorOf>
+ <j.4:child rdf:resource="http://nlp2rdf.lod2.eu/nif/offset_118_121_The"/>
+ <j.4:child rdf:resource="http://nlp2rdf.lod2.eu/nif/offset_122_125_boy"/>
+ </rdf:Description>
+ <rdf:Description rdf:about="http://purl.org/olia/penn-syntax.owl#VerbPhrase">
+ <rdfs:subClassOf rdf:resource="http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#VerbPhrase"/>
+ <rdfs:subClassOf rdf:resource="http://purl.org/olia/penn-syntax.owl#Phrase"/>
+ <rdfs:comment>VP|Verb phrase. Phrasal category headed a verb.
+(Santorini 1991)
+
+VP — Verb Phrase. Phrasal category headed a verb.
+(Bies et al. 1995)</rdfs:comment>
+ <rdf:type rdf:resource="http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#Class"/>
+ </rdf:Description>
+ <rdf:Description rdf:about="http://nlp2rdf.lod2.eu/nif/offset_91_117_The+boy+will+eat+the">
+ <rdf:type rdf:resource="http://nlp2rdf.lod2.eu/schema/string/OffsetBasedString"/>
+ <j.4:lastWord rdf:resource="http://nlp2rdf.lod2.eu/nif/offset_116_117_."/>
+ <j.4:word rdf:resource="http://nlp2rdf.lod2.eu/nif/offset_108_111_the"/>
+ <j.4:firstWord rdf:resource="http://nlp2rdf.lod2.eu/nif/offset_91_94_The"/>
+ <rdf:type rdf:resource="http://nlp2rdf.lod2.eu/schema/sso/Phrase"/>
+ <rdf:type rdf:resource="http://nlp2rdf.lod2.eu/schema/sso/Sentence"/>
+ <rdf:type rdf:resource="http://purl.org/olia/penn-syntax.owl#SimpleDeclarativeClause"/>
+ <rdf:type rdf:resource="http://purl.org/olia/system.owl#UnitOfAnnotation"/>
+ <j.4:word rdf:resource="http://nlp2rdf.lod2.eu/nif/offset_116_117_."/>
+ <rdf:type rdf:resource="http://purl.org/olia/penn-syntax.owl#Clause"/>
+ <rdf:type rdf:resource="http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#DeclarativeSentence"/>
+ <rdf:type rdf:resource="http://purl.org/olia/olia-top.owl#SyntacticFeature"/>
+ <rdf:type rdf:resource="http://purl.org/olia/olia-top.owl#SyntacticCategory"/>
+ <j.4:word rdf:resource="http://nlp2rdf.lod2.eu/nif/offset_99_103_will"/>
+ <j.4:word rdf:resource="http://nlp2rdf.lod2.eu/nif/offset_91_94_The"/>
+ <rdf:type rdf:resource="http://purl.org/olia/penn-syntax.owl#SyntaxTag"/>
+ <j.4:child rdf:resource="http://nlp2rdf.lod2.eu/nif/offset_99_116_will+eat+the+cake"/>
+ <j.1:anchorOf>The boy will eat the cake.</j.1:anchorOf>
+ <j.4:child rdf:resource="http://nlp2rdf.lod2.eu/nif/offset_91_98_The+boy"/>
+ <j.4:word rdf:resource="http://nlp2rdf.lod2.eu/nif/offset_95_98_boy"/>
+ <rdf:type rdf:resource="http://purl.org/olia/olia-top.owl#Constituent"/>
+ <j.4:word rdf:resource="http://nlp2rdf.lod2.eu/nif/offset_112_116_cake"/>
+ <j.4:word rdf:resource="http://nlp2rdf.lod2.eu/nif/offset_104_107_eat"/>
+ <j.4:child rdf:resource="http://nlp2rdf.lod2.eu/nif/offset_91_117_The+boy+will+eat+the"/>
+ <rdf:type rdf:resource="http://purl.org/olia/olia-top.owl#LinguisticConcept"/>
+ <rdf:type rdf:resource="http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#Clause"/>
+ <rdf:type rdf:resource="http://purl.org/olia/olia-top.owl#SentenceTypeFeature"/>
+ <rdf:type rdf:resource="http://purl.org/olia/system.owl#LinguisticAnnotation"/>
+ <rdf:type rdf:resource="http://purl.org/olia/system.owl#Feature"/>
+ <j.4:child rdf:resource="http://nlp2rdf.lod2.eu/nif/offset_116_117_."/>
+ </rdf:Description>
+ <rdf:Description rdf:about="http://purl.org/olia/stanford.owl#PassiveAuxiliary">
+ <rdf:type rdf:resource="http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#ObjectProperty"/>
+ <rdfs:subPropertyOf rdf:resource="http://purl.org/olia/stanford.owl#Auxiliary"/>
+ </rdf:Description>
+ <rdf:Description rdf:about="http://purl.org/olia/system.owl#LinguisticAnnotation">
+ <rdf:type rdf:resource="http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#Class"/>
+ <rdfs:comment>Linguistic annotations pertain to either structural entities (words, tokens, constituents, sentences => UnitOfAnnotation), relations between these (dependency, dominance, coreference, etc. => Relation), or grammatical features attached to these (case, gender, number, agreement, tense, mood, aspect, ... => Feature).</rdfs:comment>
+ </rdf:Description>
+ <rdf:Description rdf:about="http://purl.org/olia/olia-top.owl#MorphosyntacticCategory">
+ <rdf:type rdf:resource="http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#Class"/>
+ <rdfs:subClassOf rdf:resource="http://purl.org/olia/olia-top.owl#LinguisticConcept"/>
+ </rdf:Description>
+ <rdf:Description rdf:about="http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#AuxiliaryVerb">
+ <rdf:type rdf:resource="http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#Class"/>
+ <rdfs:subClassOf rdf:resource="http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#Verb"/>
+ <rdfs:comment>
+ An auxiliary verb is a verb which accompanies the lexical verb of a verb phrase,
+ and expresses grammatical distinctions not carried by the lexical verb, such as
+ person, number, tense aspect, and voice.
+ (http://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsAnAuxiliaryVerb.htm 19.09.06)
+
+ Besides modal verbs ("semiauxiliary") and "strict" auxiliary verbs, also copulas
+ are classified under auxiliary verbs here, as this is a praxis applied in practically every
+ EAGLES-conformant morphosyntactic annotation scheme.
+
+ Part of speech referring to the set of verbs, subordinate to the main lexical verb which help
+ to make distinction in mood, aspect, voice etc.
+ (Crystal 2003; http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1244)
+ </rdfs:comment>
+ </rdf:Description>
+ <rdf:Description rdf:about="http://purl.org/olia/stanford.owl#Complement">
+ <rdf:type rdf:resource="http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#ObjectProperty"/>
+ <rdfs:subPropertyOf rdf:resource="http://purl.org/olia/stanford.owl#Argument"/>
+ </rdf:Description>
+ <rdf:Description rdf:about="http://nlp2rdf.lod2.eu/nif/offset_30_44_has+been+eaten">
+ <rdf:type rdf:resource="http://nlp2rdf.lod2.eu/schema/string/OffsetBasedString"/>
+ <rdf:type rdf:resource="http://purl.org/olia/system.owl#UnitOfAnnotation"/>
+ <rdf:type rdf:resource="http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#Phrase"/>
+ <rdf:type rdf:resource="http://purl.org/olia/penn-syntax.owl#SyntaxTag"/>
+ <rdf:type rdf:resource="http://nlp2rdf.lod2.eu/schema/sso/Phrase"/>
+ <rdf:type rdf:resource="http://purl.org/olia/olia-top.owl#LinguisticConcept"/>
+ <rdf:type rdf:resource="http://purl.org/olia/system.owl#LinguisticAnnotation"/>
+ <rdf:type rdf:resource="http://purl.org/olia/penn-syntax.owl#Phrase"/>
+ <j.4:child rdf:resource="http://nlp2rdf.lod2.eu/nif/offset_30_33_has"/>
+ <j.1:anchorOf>has been eaten</j.1:anchorOf>
+ <j.4:child rdf:resource="http://nlp2rdf.lod2.eu/nif/offset_34_44_been+eaten"/>
+ <rdf:type rdf:resource="http://purl.org/olia/olia-top.owl#SyntacticCategory"/>
+ <rdf:type rdf:resource="http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#VerbPhrase"/>
+ <rdf:type rdf:resource="http://purl.org/olia/olia-top.owl#Constituent"/>
+ <rdf:type rdf:resource="http://purl.org/olia/penn-syntax.owl#VerbPhrase"/>
+ </rdf:Description>
+ <rdf:Description rdf:about="http://purl.org/olia/penn-syntax.owl#SimpleDeclarativeClause">
+ <rdfs:subClassOf rdf:resource="http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#DeclarativeSentence"/>
+ <rdfs:subClassOf rdf:resource="http://purl.org/olia/penn-syntax.owl#Clause"/>
+ <rdfs:comment>S|Simple declarative clause, i.e. one that is not introduced by a (possibly empty) subordinating
+conjunction or wh-word and that does not exhibit subject-verb inversion.
+(Santorini 1991)
+
+Simple declarative sentences:
+(S (NP-SBJ Casey) (VP threw (NP the ball))) ...
+
+S — Simple declarative clause, i.e. one that is not introduced by a (possibly empty) subordinating conjunction or wh-word and that does not exhibit subject-verb inversion.
+(Bies et al. 1995)</rdfs:comment>
+ <rdf:type rdf:resource="http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#Class"/>
+ </rdf:Description>
+ <rdf:Description rdf:about="http://nlp2rdf.lod2.eu/nif/offset_56_65_was+eaten">
+ <rdf:type rdf:resource="http://purl.org/olia/penn-syntax.owl#Phrase"/>
+ <j.4:child rdf:resource="http://nlp2rdf.lod2.eu/nif/offset_60_65_eaten"/>
+ <rdf:type rdf:resource="http://purl.org/olia/penn-syntax.owl#SyntaxTag"/>
+ <rdf:type rdf:resource="http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#Phrase"/>
+ <rdf:type rdf:resource="http://purl.org/olia/olia-top.owl#LinguisticConcept"/>
+ <rdf:type rdf:resource="http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#VerbPhrase"/>
+ <j.1:anchorOf>was eaten</j.1:anchorOf>
+ <rdf:type rdf:resource="http://purl.org/olia/olia-top.owl#SyntacticCategory"/>
+ <j.4:child rdf:resource="http://nlp2rdf.lod2.eu/nif/offset_56_59_was"/>
+ <rdf:type rdf:resource="http://purl.org/olia/olia-top.owl#Constituent"/>
+ <rdf:type rdf:resource="http://nlp2rdf.lod2.eu/schema/sso/Phrase"/>
+ <rdf:type rdf:resource="http://nlp2rdf.lod2.eu/schema/string/OffsetBasedString"/>
+ <rdf:type rdf:resource="http://purl.org/olia/system.owl#LinguisticAnnotation"/>
+ <rdf:type rdf:resource="http://purl.org/olia/system.owl#UnitOfAnnotation"/>
+ <rdf:type rdf:resource="http://purl.org/olia/penn-syntax.owl#VerbPhrase"/>
+ </rdf:Description>
+ <rdf:Description rdf:about="http://purl.org/olia/stanford.owl#Determiner">
+ <rdf:type rdf:resource="http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#ObjectProperty"/>
+ <rdfs:subPropertyOf rdf:resource="http://purl.org/olia/stanford.owl#Modifier"/>
+ </rdf:Description>
+ <rdf:Description rdf:about="http://nlp2rdf.lod2.eu/nif/offset_126_144_has+eaten+the+cake">
+ <rdf:type rdf:resource="http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#VerbPhrase"/>
+ <rdf:type rdf:resource="http://purl.org/olia/olia-top.owl#LinguisticConcept"/>
+ <rdf:type rdf:resource="http://purl.org/olia/penn-syntax.owl#VerbPhrase"/>
+ <rdf:type rdf:resource="http://purl.org/olia/system.owl#LinguisticAnnotation"/>
+ <j.4:child rdf:resource="http://nlp2rdf.lod2.eu/nif/offset_130_144_eaten+the+cake"/>
+ <rdf:type rdf:resource="http://purl.org/olia/penn-syntax.owl#Phrase"/>
+ <rdf:type rdf:resource="http://nlp2rdf.lod2.eu/schema/string/OffsetBasedString"/>
+ <rdf:type rdf:resource="http://purl.org/olia/penn-syntax.owl#SyntaxTag"/>
+ <rdf:type rdf:resource="http://purl.org/olia/olia-top.owl#Constituent"/>
+ <rdf:type rdf:resource="http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#Phrase"/>
+ <rdf:type rdf:resource="http://purl.org/olia/system.owl#UnitOfAnnotation"/>
+ <rdf:type rdf:resource="http://purl.org/olia/olia-top.owl#SyntacticCategory"/>
+ <j.4:child rdf:resource="http://nlp2rdf.lod2.eu/nif/offset_126_129_has"/>
+ <rdf:type rdf:resource="http://nlp2rdf.lod2.eu/schema/sso/Phrase"/>
+ <j.1:anchorOf>has eaten the cake</j.1:anchorOf>
+ </rdf:Description>
+ <rdf:Description rdf:about="http://nlp2rdf.lod2.eu/nif/offset_68_75_The+boy">
+ <rdf:type rdf:resource="http://nlp2rdf.lod2.eu/schema/string/OffsetBasedString"/>
+ <rdf:type rdf:resource="http://nlp2rdf.lod2.eu/schema/sso/Phrase"/>
+ <j.1:anchorOf>The boy</j.1:anchorOf>
+ <j.4:child rdf:resource="http://nlp2rdf.lod2.eu/nif/offset_68_71_The"/>
+ <j.4:child rdf:resource="http://nlp2rdf.lod2.eu/nif/offset_72_75_boy"/>
+ </rdf:Description>
+ <rdf:Description rdf:about="http://purl.org/olia/penn-syntax.owl#Clause">
+ <rdfs:comment>We distinguish among a number of basic clause types: S, SINV, SBAR, RRC, SBARQ, SQ, S-CLF, it-extraposition, and FRAG.
+(Bies et al. 1995)
+
+S-CLF is @cat="S" & edge/@func="CLF", so see under ItCleft</rdfs:comment>
+ <rdfs:subClassOf rdf:resource="http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#Clause"/>
+ <rdfs:subClassOf rdf:resource="http://purl.org/olia/penn-syntax.owl#SyntaxTag"/>
+ <rdf:type rdf:resource="http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#Class"/>
+ </rdf:Description>
+ <rdf:Description rdf:about="http://purl.org/olia/olia-top.owl#Constituent">
+ <rdfs:comment>
+ Constituents correspond to a GOLD SyntacticConstruction:
+ SyntacticConstruction is the class of grammar units that
+ have syntactic structure, i.e., consisting of more than
+ one syntactic word or construction in a syntactic
+ configuration. [Crystal 1980, 85-86].
+ (http://www.linguistics-ontology.org/gold/2008)
+
+ Corresponds to units of annotation in the EAGLES recommendations for syntactic annotation
+ (http://www.ilc.cnr.it/EAGLES96/segsasg1/node29.html#SECTION00052000000000000000)
+ </rdfs:comment>
+ <rdfs:subClassOf rdf:resource="http://purl.org/olia/olia-top.owl#SyntacticCategory"/>
+ <rdf:type rdf:resource="http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#Class"/>
+ </rdf:Description>
+ <rdf:Description rdf:about="http://nlp2rdf.lod2.eu/nif/offset_0_9_The+apple">
+ <rdf:type rdf:resource="http://nlp2rdf.lod2.eu/schema/string/OffsetBasedString"/>
+ <rdf:type rdf:resource="http://nlp2rdf.lod2.eu/schema/sso/Phrase"/>
+ <j.1:anchorOf>The apple</j.1:anchorOf>
+ <j.4:child rdf:resource="http://nlp2rdf.lod2.eu/nif/offset_0_3_The"/>
+ <j.4:child rdf:resource="http://nlp2rdf.lod2.eu/nif/offset_4_9_apple"/>
+ </rdf:Description>
+ <rdf:Description rdf:about="http://nlp2rdf.lod2.eu/nif/offset_44_45_.">
+ <rdf:type rdf:resource="http://nlp2rdf.lod2.eu/schema/sso/Word"/>
+ <rdf:type rdf:resource="http://nlp2rdf.lod2.eu/schema/string/OffsetBasedString"/>
+ <j.4:posTag>.</j.4:posTag>
+ <j.4:lemma>.</j.4:lemma>
+ <j.1:anchorOf>.</j.1:anchorOf>
+ </rdf:Description>
+ <rdf:Description rdf:about="http://nlp2rdf.lod2.eu/nif/offset_136_144_the+cake">
+ <rdf:type rdf:resource="http://nlp2rdf.lod2.eu/schema/string/OffsetBasedString"/>
+ <rdf:type rdf:resource="http://nlp2rdf.lod2.eu/schema/sso/Phrase"/>
+ <j.1:anchorOf>the cake</j.1:anchorOf>
+ <j.4:child rdf:resource="http://nlp2rdf.lod2.eu/nif/offset_136_139_the"/>
+ <j.4:child rdf:resource="http://nlp2rdf.lod2.eu/nif/offset_140_144_cake"/>
+ </rdf:Description>
+ <rdf:Description rdf:about="http://purl.org/olia/stanford.owl#NominalSubject">
+ <rdf:type rdf:resource="http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#ObjectProperty"/>
+ <rdfs:subPropertyOf rdf:resource="http://purl.org/olia/stanford.owl#Subject"/>
+ </rdf:Description>
+ <rdf:Description rdf:about="http://purl.org/olia/penn.owl#BePastTense">
+ <rdfs:subClassOf rdf:resource="http://purl.org/olia/penn.owl#Verb"/>
+ <rdfs:comment>This category includes the conditional form of the verb to be.
+EXAMPLES:
+If I were/VBD rich...
+If I were/VBD to win the lottery...</rdfs:comment>
+ <rdf:type rdf:resource="http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#Class"/>
+ </rdf:Description>
+ <rdf:Description rdf:about="http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#VerbPhrase">
+ <rdfs:comment>
+ This category is slightly more difficult to define, since there is disagreement over the extent of the verb phrase.
+ In particular, should the verb phrase include only the words that are verbs, or should it also include the
+ complements of the verb? In the examples given in this document, and in the sample texts in the appendices, we have
+ chosen to include the complements, but it must be noted that this is an open issue, and we are in no way implying
+ that this analysis is preferable to the alternative. The choice to be made at this level, i.e. the inclusion or
+ exclusion of verbal complements in the Verb Phrase, is shown by the examples in 27 and 28, 27 showing the inclusion
+ of the complement of the verb in the verb phrase and 28 excluding the complement:
+
+ (27) He [VP took up [NP a clothes brush NP] VP]
+ (28) He [VP took up VP] [NP a clothes brush NP]
+
+ An advantage in the type of analysis shown in 27 is that the relative levels of the constituents can be shown to a
+ greater extent -- i.e. complements of the verb are included in the verb phrase, while adjuncts and peripheral
+ adverbials are left at sentence level.
+
+ However, in a case where an adjunct occurs before the complement of the verb, the approaches used in 27 and 28 would
+ cause problems, since either both the adjunct and the complement would be included as daughters of the verb phrase,
+ or both would be daughters of the sentence, rather than keeping the complement as a daughter of the verb phrase and
+ the adjunct as a sister of the verb phrase. These problems may be solved by an additional notation, but at some
+ level, arbitrariness is inevitable.
+
+ Regardless of the choice made over the extent of the Verb Phrase, there arises a problem of discontinuous Verb
+ Phrases. A complex verbal construction may be discontinuous, e.g. the auxiliary and the main verb are separated in
+ inverted constructions in English, or the main verb is positioned at the end of the sentence in German and Dutch.
+ Such discontinuity can be avoided by having different labels and constituents for the auxiliary verb and the main
+ verb, resulting in an analysis as shown in the Dutch example 29 below:
+
+ (29) [NP Ze NP] [AUX zullen AUX] [ADVP er ADVP] [VP [NP de VN-agenda
+ [PP voor [NP het komende jaar NP] PP] NP] behandelen VP].
+
+ and in the English interrogative inverted example 30, using the so-called `dummy auxiliary' do:
+
+ (30) [AUX Do AUX] [NP they NP] [VP confide [PP in you PP] VP]?
+
+ As with Noun Phrases, Verb Phrases can be identified by a constituency test. In strong constituency languages like
+ English, the whole VP can be moved, but not part of it: compare 31 and 32:
+
+ (31) Give in to blackmail, I never will
+ (32) *Give in, I never will to blackmail
+
+ However, there are languages in which constituent tests do not work. These will typically be languages with flexible
+ word order, such as Finnish. 33 is an example of a discontinuous VP (Vilkuna 1989: 26):
+
+ (33) Maailmaa nähnyt hän on.
+ world-Part seen he is
+ `He IS a widely-travelled person.'
+
+ For Finnish, then, evidence for a VP is less convincing than it is for English, and a dependency approach seems the
+ more natural choice. (Covington (1990) provides a parsing strategy for variable word order languages and Covington
+ (1991) for parsing discontinuous constituents, both using a dependency syntax approach.)
+
+ In Italian also, constituency tests cannot be applied. This can be shown through the distribution of VP-adverbs
+ (e.g. completamente `completely', intenzionalmente `intentionally', attentamente `carefully') and S-adverbs (e.g.
+ probabilmente `probably', certamente `certainly'). In English, these different classes of adverbs have a different
+ distribution within the sentence. In contrast, in Italian, the distinct adverb classes cannot be distinguished on
+ the basis of their distribution in the sentence. S-adverbs and VP-adverbs can occur in the same positions within the
+ sentence, as illustrated in examples 34 to 37:
+
+ (34) Attentamente/certamente, il bambino ascoltó la storia
+ `Carefully/certainly, the child listened to the story'
+ (35) Il bambino attentamente/certamente ascoltó la storia
+ `The child carefully/certainly listened to the story'
+ (36) Il bambino ascoltó attentamente/certamente la storia
+ `The child listened carefully/certainly to the story'
+ (37) Il bambino ascoltó la storia attentamente/certamente
+ `The child listened to the story carefully/certainly'
+
+ Thus, in Italian as well as other languages, neither the position nor the syntactic context can help to decide
+ whether an adverb is an S-adverb or a VP-adverb; this can only be stated by considering its semantic content and the
+ way it relates to the content of the predicate or the sentence. This situation has consequences for the success of
+ standard VP-tests.
+ (http://www.ilc.cnr.it/EAGLES96/segsasg1/node33.html)
+ </rdfs:comment>
+ <rdfs:subClassOf rdf:resource="http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#Phrase"/>
+ <rdf:type rdf:resource="http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#Class"/>
+ </rdf:Description>
+ <rdf:Description rdf:about="http://purl.org/olia/penn.owl#Noun">
+ <rdfs:comment>We inserted this class 'noun' to get a clearer ontology structure. In The Penn Treebank Tag Set there is no class 'noun'.</rdfs:comment>
+ <rdfs:subClassOf rdf:resource="http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#Noun"/>
+ <rdfs:subClassOf rdf:resource="http://purl.org/olia/penn.owl#Tag"/>
+ <rdf:type rdf:resource="http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#Class"/>
+ </rdf:Description>
+ <rdf:Description rdf:about="http://purl.org/olia/stanford.owl#aux">
+ <rdf:type rdf:resource="http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#ObjectProperty"/>
+ <rdfs:subPropertyOf rdf:resource="http://purl.org/olia/stanford.owl#Auxiliary"/>
+ </rdf:Description>
+ <rdf:Description rdf:about="http://nlp2rdf.lod2.eu/nif/offset_65_66_.">
+ <rdf:type rdf:resource="http://nlp2rdf.lod2.eu/schema/sso/Word"/>
+ <rdf:type rdf:resource="http://nlp2rdf.lod2.eu/schema/string/OffsetBasedString"/>
+ <j.4:posTag>.</j.4:posTag>
+ <j.4:lemma>.</j.4:lemma>
+ <j.1:anchorOf>.</j.1:anchorOf>
+ </rdf:Description>
+ <rdf:Description rdf:about="http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#Determiner">
+ <rdfs:subClassOf rdf:resource="http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#PronounOrDeterminer"/>
+ <rdfs:comment>
+ A determiner is a noun modifier that expresses the reference of a noun or noun phrase
+ in the context, including quantity, rather than attributes expressed by adjectives.
+ This part of speech is defined in some languages, such as in English, as it is distinct
+ from adjectives grammatically, though most English dictionaries still identify the
+ determiners as adjectives.
+ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Determiner 19.09.06)
+ </rdfs:comment>
+ <rdf:type rdf:resource="http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#Class"/>
+ </rdf:Description>
+ <rdf:Description rdf:about="http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#DeclarativeSentence">
+ <rdfs:comment>S|Simple declarative clause, i.e. one that is not introduced by a (possibly empty) subordinating
+conjunction or wh-word and that does not exhibit subject-verb inversion.
+(Santorini 1991)
+
+Simple declarative sentences:
+(S (NP-SBJ Casey) (VP threw (NP the ball))) ...
+
+S â ´ Simple declarative clause, i.e. one that is not introduced by a (possibly empty) subordinating conjunction or wh-word and that does not exhibit subject-verb inversion.
+(Bies et al. 1995)</rdfs:comment>
+ <rdfs:subClassOf rdf:resource="http://purl.org/olia/olia-top.owl#SentenceTypeFeature"/>
+ <rdf:type rdf:resource="http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#Class"/>
+ </rdf:Description>
+ <rdf:Description rdf:about="http://purl.org/olia/stanford.owl#Argument">
+ <rdf:type rdf:resource="http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#ObjectProperty"/>
+ <rdfs:subPropertyOf rdf:resource="http://purl.org/olia/stanford.owl#Dependent"/>
+ </rdf:Description>
+ <rdf:Description rdf:about="http://nlp2rdf.lod2.eu/nif/offset_99_116_will+eat+the+cake">
+ <rdf:type rdf:resource="http://purl.org/olia/penn-syntax.owl#VerbPhrase"/>
+ <j.1:anchorOf>will eat the cake</j.1:anchorOf>
+ <rdf:type rdf:resource="http://purl.org/olia/system.owl#UnitOfAnnotation"/>
+ <rdf:type rdf:resource="http://purl.org/olia/system.owl#LinguisticAnnotation"/>
+ <rdf:type rdf:resource="http://purl.org/olia/olia-top.owl#SyntacticCategory"/>
+ <rdf:type rdf:resource="http://purl.org/olia/olia-top.owl#Constituent"/>
+ <rdf:type rdf:resource="http://purl.org/olia/penn-syntax.owl#SyntaxTag"/>
+ <rdf:type rdf:resource="http://purl.org/olia/olia-top.owl#LinguisticConcept"/>
+ <j.4:child rdf:resource="http://nlp2rdf.lod2.eu/nif/offset_104_116_eat+the+cake"/>
+ <rdf:type rdf:resource="http://nlp2rdf.lod2.eu/schema/sso/Phrase"/>
+ <rdf:type rdf:resource="http://purl.org/olia/penn-syntax.owl#Phrase"/>
+ <rdf:type rdf:resource="http://nlp2rdf.lod2.eu/schema/string/OffsetBasedString"/>
+ <rdf:type rdf:resource="http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#VerbPhrase"/>
+ <j.4:child rdf:resource="http://nlp2rdf.lod2.eu/nif/offset_99_103_will"/>
+ <rdf:type rdf:resource="http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#Phrase"/>
+ </rdf:Description>
+ <rdf:Description rdf:about="http://purl.org/olia/stanford.owl#Auxiliary">
+ <rdf:type rdf:resource="http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#ObjectProperty"/>
+ <rdfs:subPropertyOf rdf:resource="http://purl.org/olia/stanford.owl#Dependent"/>
+ </rdf:Description>
+ <rdf:Description rdf:about="http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#Clause">
+ <rdf:type rdf:resource="http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#Class"/>
+ <rdfs:subClassOf rdf:resource="http://purl.org/olia/olia-top.owl#Constituent"/>
+ <rdfs:comment>
+ Traditionally sentences are deemed to be composed of major constituents
+ known as clauses, which may be main clauses (not included in a superordinate
+ clause) or embedded clauses (included in a superordinate clause) such as
+ relative clauses or adverbial clauses. A main clause, unless it is coordinated,
+ is equivalent to a simple sentence, and does not need to be separately labelled.
+ Embedded and coordinated clauses, on the other hand, will need to be separately
+ identified. We recommend that such units be identified in the annotation, and
+ labelled either as sentences (S) or as clauses (CL), according to the preference
+ specified in the annotation scheme.
+
+ The reason for allowing choice here is that different theoretical preferences
+ have to be accommodated. In some syntactic models, the `clause' category is not
+ used (except informally), embedded clauses being marked by included [S]
+ constituents. In other models, clauses are identified as such, even where they
+ are coextensive with an independent sentence.
+
+ One solution which commends itself (and is employed in the Lancaster Treebank and
+ the SUSANNE Corpus) is to retain [S ... S] as the delimiter of sentences, whether
+ included or not, and also to use [S ... S] for the coordinated parts of a compound
+ sentence; but to use `clause' labels for subordinate clauses. An example which
+ illustrates this division is 12:
+
+ (12) [S [S The distinction at issue is relatively clear S] , but [S closer
+ examination reveals [CL that all is not quite so straightforward
+ [CL as it seems CL] CL] S] . S]
+
+ Embedded (subordinate) clauses are generally identified by some sign of their
+ dependence on the superordinate clause or sentence, such as an introductory
+ conjunction or a non-finite verb form. It is noticeable that the coordinated
+ parts of the compound sentence do not have to be clause-like units with subjects
+ and verbs, and to this extent [CL] would be a misleading label to apply to them.
+ This is true, in 13, of so far so good in:
+
+ (13) [S [S So far so good S] , but [S now consider gender in adjectives S] . S]
+ (http://www.ilc.cnr.it/EAGLES96/segsasg1/node31.html)
+ </rdfs:comment>
+ </rdf:Description>
+ <rdf:Description rdf:about="http://nlp2rdf.lod2.eu/nif/offset_95_98_boy">
+ <rdf:type rdf:resource="http://purl.org/olia/penn.owl#CommonNoun"/>
+ <rdf:type rdf:resource="http://nlp2rdf.lod2.eu/schema/sso/Word"/>
+ <j.4:lemma>boy</j.4:lemma>
+ <j.4:nextWord rdf:resource="http://nlp2rdf.lod2.eu/nif/offset_99_103_will"/>
+ <j.0:det rdf:resource="http://nlp2rdf.lod2.eu/nif/offset_91_94_The"/>
+ <rdf:type rdf:resource="http://purl.org/olia/penn.owl#Noun"/>
+ <rdf:type rdf:resource="http://purl.org/olia/system.owl#LinguisticAnnotation"/>
+ <j.1:anchorOf>boy</j.1:anchorOf>
+ <rdf:type rdf:resource="http://nlp2rdf.lod2.eu/schema/string/OffsetBasedString"/>
+ <j.4:posTag>NN</j.4:posTag>
+ <rdf:type rdf:resource="http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#CommonNoun"/>
+ <rdf:type rdf:resource="http://purl.org/olia/olia-top.owl#MorphosyntacticCategory"/>
+ <rdf:type rdf:resource="http://purl.org/olia/penn.owl#Tag"/>
+ <rdf:type rdf:resource="http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#Noun"/>
+ <j.0:Determiner rdf:resource="http://nlp2rdf.lod2.eu/nif/offset_91_94_The"/>
+ <rdf:type rdf:resource="http://purl.org/olia/olia-top.owl#LinguisticConcept"/>
+ </rdf:Description>
+ <rdf:Description rdf:about="http://nlp2rdf.lod2.eu/nif/offset_136_139_the">
+ <rdf:type rdf:resource="http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#PronounOrDeterminer"/>
+ <rdf:type rdf:resource="http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#Determiner"/>
+ <j.4:nextWord rdf:resource="http://nlp2rdf.lod2.eu/nif/offset_140_144_cake"/>
+ <rdf:type rdf:resource="http://nlp2rdf.lod2.eu/schema/string/OffsetBasedString"/>
+ <j.1:anchorOf>the</j.1:anchorOf>
+ <j.4:lemma>the</j.4:lemma>
+ <j.4:posTag>DT</j.4:posTag>
+ <rdf:type rdf:resource="http://purl.org/olia/system.owl#LinguisticAnnotation"/>
+ <rdf:type rdf:resource="http://purl.org/olia/olia-top.owl#MorphosyntacticCategory"/>
+ <rdf:type rdf:resource="http://purl.org/olia/olia-top.owl#LinguisticConcept"/>
+ <rdf:type rdf:resource="http://purl.org/olia/penn.owl#Determiner"/>
+ <rdf:type rdf:resource="http://purl.org/olia/penn.owl#Tag"/>
+ <rdf:type rdf:resource="http://nlp2rdf.lod2.eu/schema/sso/Word"/>
+ </rdf:Description>
+ <rdf:Description rdf:about="http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#Noun">
+ <rdf:type rdf:resource="http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#Class"/>
+ <rdfs:subClassOf rdf:resource="http://purl.org/olia/olia-top.owl#MorphosyntacticCategory"/>
+ <rdfs:comment>
+ A noun, or noun substantive, is a part of speech (a word or phrase) which can co-occur with
+ (in)definite articles and attributive adjectives, and function as the head of a noun phrase.
+
+ The word "noun" derives from the Latin 'nomen' meaning "name", and a traditional definition
+ of nouns is that they are all and only those expressions that refer to a person, place,
+ thing, event, substance, quality, idea or an appointment. They serve as the subject or object
+ of a verb, and the object of a preposition.
+ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noun 19.09.06)
+ </rdfs:comment>
+ </rdf:Description>
+ <rdf:Description rdf:about="http://purl.org/olia/penn.owl#Tag">
+ <rdfs:subClassOf rdf:resource="http://purl.org/olia/system.owl#LinguisticAnnotation"/>
+ <rdf:type rdf:resource="http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#Class"/>
+ </rdf:Description>
+ <rdf:Description rdf:about="http://nlp2rdf.lod2.eu/nif/offset_20_29_The+apple">
+ <rdf:type rdf:resource="http://nlp2rdf.lod2.eu/schema/string/OffsetBasedString"/>
+ <rdf:type rdf:resource="http://nlp2rdf.lod2.eu/schema/sso/Phrase"/>
+ <j.1:anchorOf>The apple</j.1:anchorOf>
+ <j.4:child rdf:resource="http://nlp2rdf.lod2.eu/nif/offset_20_23_The"/>
+ <j.4:child rdf:resource="http://nlp2rdf.lod2.eu/nif/offset_24_29_apple"/>
+ </rdf:Description>
+ <rdf:Description rdf:about="http://purl.org/olia/olia-top.owl#SyntacticFeature">
+ <rdfs:subClassOf rdf:resource="http://purl.org/olia/olia-top.owl#LinguisticConcept"/>
+ <rdfs:subClassOf rdf:resource="http://purl.org/olia/system.owl#Feature"/>
+ <rdf:type rdf:resource="http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#Class"/>
+ </rdf:Description>
+ <rdf:Description rdf:about="http://nlp2rdf.lod2.eu/nif/offset_39_44_eaten">
+ <rdf:type rdf:resource="http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#Verb"/>
+ <rdf:type rdf:resource="http://purl.org/olia/penn.owl#Tag"/>
+ <j.4:lemma>eat</j.4:lemma>
+ <j.0:PassiveNominalSubject rdf:resource="http://nlp2rdf.lod2.eu/nif/offset_24_29_apple"/>
+ <rdf:type rdf:resource="http://nlp2rdf.lod2.eu/schema/sso/Phrase"/>
+ <rdf:type rdf:resource="http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#Participle"/>
+ <rdf:type rdf:resource="http://purl.org/olia/olia-top.owl#LinguisticConcept"/>
+ <j.4:nextWord rdf:resource="http://nlp2rdf.lod2.eu/nif/offset_44_45_."/>
+ <j.4:child rdf:resource="http://nlp2rdf.lod2.eu/nif/offset_39_44_eaten"/>
+ <j.0:aux rdf:resource="http://nlp2rdf.lod2.eu/nif/offset_30_33_has"/>
+ <rdf:type rdf:resource="http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#NonFiniteVerb"/>
+ <j.0:nsubjpass rdf:resource="http://nlp2rdf.lod2.eu/nif/offset_24_29_apple"/>
+ <j.1:anchorOf>eaten</j.1:anchorOf>
+ <rdf:type rdf:resource="http://purl.org/olia/penn.owl#Verb"/>
+ <rdf:type rdf:resource="http://purl.org/olia/system.owl#LinguisticAnnotation"/>
+ <j.0:PassiveAuxiliary rdf:resource="http://nlp2rdf.lod2.eu/nif/offset_34_38_been"/>
+ <rdf:type rdf:resource="http://nlp2rdf.lod2.eu/schema/string/OffsetBasedString"/>
+ <j.0:auxpass rdf:resource="http://nlp2rdf.lod2.eu/nif/offset_34_38_been"/>
+ <rdf:type rdf:resource="http://purl.org/olia/penn.owl#PastParticiple"/>
+ <rdf:type rdf:resource="http://nlp2rdf.lod2.eu/schema/sso/Word"/>
+ <j.0:Auxiliary rdf:resource="http://nlp2rdf.lod2.eu/nif/offset_30_33_has"/>
+ <rdf:type rdf:resource="http://purl.org/olia/olia-top.owl#MorphosyntacticCategory"/>
+ <j.4:posTag>VBN</j.4:posTag>
+ </rdf:Description>
+ <rdf:Description rdf:about="http://nlp2rdf.lod2.eu/nif/offset_140_144_cake">
+ <rdf:type rdf:resource="http://nlp2rdf.lod2.eu/schema/sso/Word"/>
+ <rdf:type rdf:resource="http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#Noun"/>
+ <j.0:det rdf:resource="http://nlp2rdf.lod2.eu/nif/offset_136_139_the"/>
+ <rdf:type rdf:resource="http://purl.org/olia/olia-top.owl#MorphosyntacticCategory"/>
+ <j.0:Determiner rdf:resource="http://nlp2rdf.lod2.eu/nif/offset_136_139_the"/>
+ <j.1:anchorOf>cake</j.1:anchorOf>
+ <rdf:type rdf:resource="http://purl.org/olia/penn.owl#Noun"/>
+ <rdf:type rdf:resource="http://nlp2rdf.lod2.eu/schema/string/OffsetBasedString"/>
+ <rdf:type rdf:resource="http://purl.org/olia/olia-top.owl#LinguisticConcept"/>
+ <rdf:type rdf:resource="http://purl.org/olia/penn.owl#Tag"/>
+ <rdf:type rdf:resource="http://purl.org/olia/penn.owl#CommonNoun"/>
+ <rdf:type rdf:resource="http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#CommonNoun"/>
+ <rdf:type rdf:resource="http://purl.org/olia/system.owl#LinguisticAnnotation"/>
+ <j.4:posTag>NN</j.4:posTag>
+ <j.4:lemma>cake</j.4:lemma>
+ <j.4:nextWord rdf:resource="http://nlp2rdf.lod2.eu/nif/offset_144_145_."/>
+ </rdf:Description>
+ <rdf:Description rdf:about="http://purl.org/olia/penn-syntax.owl#Phrase">
+ <rdfs:comment>(Bies et al. 1995, §2.1.2)</rdfs:comment>
+ <rdfs:subClassOf rdf:resource="http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#Phrase"/>
+ <rdfs:subClassOf rdf:resource="http://purl.org/olia/penn-syntax.owl#SyntaxTag"/>
+ <rdf:type rdf:resource="http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#Class"/>
+ </rdf:Description>
+ <rdf:Description rdf:about="http://nlp2rdf.lod2.eu/nif/offset_118_121_The">
+ <rdf:type rdf:resource="http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#Determiner"/>
+ <j.1:anchorOf>The</j.1:anchorOf>
+ <rdf:type rdf:resource="http://purl.org/olia/olia-top.owl#LinguisticConcept"/>
+ <rdf:type rdf:resource="http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#PronounOrDeterminer"/>
+ <j.4:posTag>DT</j.4:posTag>
+ <j.4:lemma>the</j.4:lemma>
+ <rdf:type rdf:resource="http://nlp2rdf.lod2.eu/schema/sso/Word"/>
+ <rdf:type rdf:resource="http://nlp2rdf.lod2.eu/schema/string/OffsetBasedString"/>
+ <j.4:nextWord rdf:resource="http://nlp2rdf.lod2.eu/nif/offset_122_125_boy"/>
+ <rdf:type rdf:resource="http://purl.org/olia/penn.owl#Determiner"/>
+ <rdf:type rdf:resource="http://purl.org/olia/penn.owl#Tag"/>
+ <rdf:type rdf:resource="http://purl.org/olia/olia-top.owl#MorphosyntacticCategory"/>
+ <rdf:type rdf:resource="http://purl.org/olia/system.owl#LinguisticAnnotation"/>
+ </rdf:Description>
+ <rdf:Description rdf:about="http://purl.org/olia/penn.owl#Determiner">
+ <rdfs:subClassOf rdf:resource="http://purl.org/olia/penn.owl#Tag"/>
+ <rdfs:comment>Not clear whether this corresponds to OLiA/EAGLES determiners, because some predeterminers seem to be adverbs rather than determiners proper.</rdfs:comment>
+ <rdf:type rdf:resource="http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#Class"/>
+ </rdf:Description>
+ <rdf:Description rdf:about="http://nlp2rdf.lod2.eu/nif/offset_56_59_was">
+ <j.4:lemma>be</j.4:lemma>
+ <j.1:anchorOf>was</j.1:anchorOf>
+ <rdf:type rdf:resource="http://nlp2rdf.lod2.eu/schema/string/OffsetBasedString"/>
+ <rdf:type rdf:resource="http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#Verb"/>
+ <rdf:type rdf:resource="http://nlp2rdf.lod2.eu/schema/sso/Word"/>
+ <j.4:posTag>VBD</j.4:posTag>
+ <rdf:type rdf:resource="http://purl.org/olia/penn.owl#Tag"/>
+ <j.4:nextWord rdf:resource="http://nlp2rdf.lod2.eu/nif/offset_60_65_eaten"/>
+ <rdf:type rdf:resource="http://purl.org/olia/penn.owl#Verb"/>
+ <rdf:type rdf:resource="http://purl.org/olia/olia-top.owl#LinguisticConcept"/>
+ <rdf:type rdf:resource="http://purl.org/olia/penn.owl#BePastTense"/>
+ <rdf:type rdf:resource="http://purl.org/olia/olia-top.owl#MorphosyntacticCategory"/>
+ <rdf:type rdf:resource="http://purl.org/olia/system.owl#LinguisticAnnotation"/>
+ </rdf:Description>
+ <rdf:Description rdf:about="http://nlp2rdf.lod2.eu/nif/offset_89_90_.">
+ <rdf:type rdf:resource="http://nlp2rdf.lod2.eu/schema/sso/Word"/>
+ <rdf:type rdf:resource="http://nlp2rdf.lod2.eu/schema/string/OffsetBasedString"/>
+ <j.4:posTag>.</j.4:posTag>
+ <j.4:lemma>.</j.4:lemma>
+ <j.1:anchorOf>.</j.1:anchorOf>
+ </rdf:Description>
+ <rdf:Description rdf:about="http://nlp2rdf.lod2.eu/nif/offset_116_117_.">
+ <rdf:type rdf:resource="http://nlp2rdf.lod2.eu/schema/sso/Word"/>
+ <rdf:type rdf:resource="http://nlp2rdf.lod2.eu/schema/string/OffsetBasedString"/>
+ <j.4:posTag>.</j.4:posTag>
+ <j.4:lemma>.</j.4:lemma>
+ <j.1:anchorOf>.</j.1:anchorOf>
+ </rdf:Description>
+ <rdf:Description rdf:about="http://nlp2rdf.lod2.eu/nif/offset_144_145_.">
+ <rdf:type rdf:resource="http://nlp2rdf.lod2.eu/schema/sso/Word"/>
+ <rdf:type rdf:resource="http://nlp2rdf.lod2.eu/schema/string/OffsetBasedString"/>
+ <j.4:posTag>.</j.4:posTag>
+ <j.4:lemma>.</j.4:lemma>
+ <j.1:anchorOf>.</j.1:anchorOf>
+ </rdf:Description>
+ <rdf:Description rdf:about="http://purl.org/olia/stanford.owl#Object">
+ <rdf:type rdf:resource="http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#ObjectProperty"/>
+ <rdfs:subPropertyOf rdf:resource="http://purl.org/olia/stanford.owl#Complement"/>
+ </rdf:Description>
+ <rdf:Description rdf:about="http://nlp2rdf.lod2.eu/nif/offset_91_98_The+boy">
+ <rdf:type rdf:resource="http://nlp2rdf.lod2.eu/schema/string/OffsetBasedString"/>
+ <rdf:type rdf:resource="http://nlp2rdf.lod2.eu/schema/sso/Phrase"/>
+ <j.1:anchorOf>The boy</j.1:anchorOf>
+ <j.4:child rdf:resource="http://nlp2rdf.lod2.eu/nif/offset_91_94_The"/>
+ <j.4:child rdf:resource="http://nlp2rdf.lod2.eu/nif/offset_95_98_boy"/>
+ </rdf:Description>
+ <rdf:Description rdf:about="http://nlp2rdf.lod2.eu/nif/offset_112_116_cake">
+ <rdf:type rdf:resource="http://nlp2rdf.lod2.eu/schema/string/OffsetBasedString"/>
+ <rdf:type rdf:resource="http://purl.org/olia/penn.owl#Tag"/>
+ <j.4:nextWord rdf:resource="http://nlp2rdf.lod2.eu/nif/offset_116_117_."/>
+ <rdf:type rdf:resource="http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#CommonNoun"/>
+ <j.4:posTag>NN</j.4:posTag>
+ <rdf:type rdf:resource="http://purl.org/olia/penn.owl#Noun"/>
+ <rdf:type rdf:resource="http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#Noun"/>
+ <rdf:type rdf:resource="http://nlp2rdf.lod2.eu/schema/sso/Word"/>
+ <rdf:type rdf:resource="http://purl.org/olia/system.owl#LinguisticAnnotation"/>
+ <j.0:Determiner rdf:resource="http://nlp2rdf.lod2.eu/nif/offset_108_111_the"/>
+ <j.4:lemma>cake</j.4:lemma>
+ <j.0:det rdf:resource="http://nlp2rdf.lod2.eu/nif/offset_108_111_the"/>
+ <rdf:type rdf:resource="http://purl.org/olia/penn.owl#CommonNoun"/>
+ <j.1:anchorOf>cake</j.1:anchorOf>
+ <rdf:type rdf:resource="http://purl.org/olia/olia-top.owl#MorphosyntacticCategory"/>
+ <rdf:type rdf:resource="http://purl.org/olia/olia-top.owl#LinguisticConcept"/>
+ </rdf:Description>
+ <rdf:Description rdf:about="http://nlp2rdf.lod2.eu/nif/offset_81_89_the+cake">
+ <rdf:type rdf:resource="http://nlp2rdf.lod2.eu/schema/string/OffsetBasedString"/>
+ <rdf:type rdf:resource="http://nlp2rdf.lod2.eu/schema/sso/Phrase"/>
+ <j.1:anchorOf>the cake</j.1:anchorOf>
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+ <rdf:type rdf:resource="http://nlp2rdf.lod2.eu/schema/sso/Word"/>
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+ <rdf:type rdf:resource="http://purl.org/olia/penn.owl#Determiner"/>
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+ <j.4:word rdf:resource="http://nlp2rdf.lod2.eu/nif/offset_68_71_The"/>
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+ <rdf:type rdf:resource="http://nlp2rdf.lod2.eu/schema/sso/Sentence"/>
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+ <rdf:type rdf:resource="http://purl.org/olia/penn-syntax.owl#VerbPhrase"/>
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+ <j.4:lemma>the</j.4:lemma>
+ <j.4:nextWord rdf:resource="http://nlp2rdf.lod2.eu/nif/offset_50_55_apple"/>
+ <rdf:type rdf:resource="http://purl.org/olia/penn.owl#Tag"/>
+ <rdf:type rdf:resource="http://purl.org/olia/system.owl#LinguisticAnnotation"/>
+ <rdf:type rdf:resource="http://nlp2rdf.lod2.eu/schema/sso/Word"/>
+ <rdf:type rdf:resource="http://nlp2rdf.lod2.eu/schema/string/OffsetBasedString"/>
+ <rdf:type rdf:resource="http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#PronounOrDeterminer"/>
+ <j.4:posTag>DT</j.4:posTag>
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+ <rdf:Description rdf:about="http://nlp2rdf.lod2.eu/nif/offset_0_3_The">
+ <rdf:type rdf:resource="http://purl.org/olia/olia-top.owl#MorphosyntacticCategory"/>
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+ <rdf:type rdf:resource="http://purl.org/olia/penn.owl#Determiner"/>
+ <rdf:type rdf:resource="http://nlp2rdf.lod2.eu/schema/sso/Word"/>
+ <rdf:type rdf:resource="http://purl.org/olia/penn.owl#Tag"/>
+ <j.4:posTag>DT</j.4:posTag>
+ <j.1:anchorOf>The</j.1:anchorOf>
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+ <rdf:type rdf:resource="http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#PronounOrDeterminer"/>
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+ <rdf:type rdf:resource="http://purl.org/olia/olia-top.owl#LinguisticConcept"/>
+ <j.4:nextWord rdf:resource="http://nlp2rdf.lod2.eu/nif/offset_4_9_apple"/>
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+ <rdf:Description rdf:about="http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#NonFiniteVerb">
+ <rdf:type rdf:resource="http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#Class"/>
+ <rdfs:subClassOf rdf:resource="http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#Verb"/>
+ <rdfs:comment>
+ Verb forms occurring on their own only in dependent clauses and lacking tense and mood contrasts.
+ (adapted from Crystal 2003; http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-1332)
+
+ A non-finite verb is a verb that is not fully inflected for categories that are marked inflectionally in a language,
+ such as the following: Tense, Aspect, Modality, Number, Person.
+ (http://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsANonfiniteVerb.htm 19.09.06)
+ </rdfs:comment>
+ </rdf:Description>
+ <rdf:Description rdf:about="http://nlp2rdf.lod2.eu/nif/offset_76_89_eats+the+cake">
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+ <rdf:type rdf:resource="http://purl.org/olia/olia-top.owl#SyntacticCategory"/>
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+ <rdf:type rdf:resource="http://purl.org/olia/olia-top.owl#LinguisticConcept"/>
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+ <j.4:child rdf:resource="http://nlp2rdf.lod2.eu/nif/offset_76_80_eats"/>
+ </rdf:Description>
+ <rdf:Description rdf:about="http://nlp2rdf.lod2.eu/nif/offset_10_18_is+eaten">
+ <j.1:anchorOf>is eaten</j.1:anchorOf>
+ <rdf:type rdf:resource="http://purl.org/olia/olia-top.owl#LinguisticConcept"/>
+ <rdf:type rdf:resource="http://purl.org/olia/olia-top.owl#Constituent"/>
+ <rdf:type rdf:resource="http://purl.org/olia/system.owl#LinguisticAnnotation"/>
+ <j.4:child rdf:resource="http://nlp2rdf.lod2.eu/nif/offset_10_12_is"/>
+ <rdf:type rdf:resource="http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#VerbPhrase"/>
+ <rdf:type rdf:resource="http://purl.org/olia/system.owl#UnitOfAnnotation"/>
+ <rdf:type rdf:resource="http://nlp2rdf.lod2.eu/schema/sso/Phrase"/>
+ <rdf:type rdf:resource="http://nlp2rdf.lod2.eu/schema/string/OffsetBasedString"/>
+ <rdf:type rdf:resource="http://purl.org/olia/penn-syntax.owl#VerbPhrase"/>
+ <rdf:type rdf:resource="http://purl.org/olia/penn-syntax.owl#Phrase"/>
+ <rdf:type rdf:resource="http://purl.org/olia/olia-top.owl#SyntacticCategory"/>
+ <j.4:child rdf:resource="http://nlp2rdf.lod2.eu/nif/offset_13_18_eaten"/>
+ <rdf:type rdf:resource="http://purl.org/olia/penn-syntax.owl#SyntaxTag"/>
+ <rdf:type rdf:resource="http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#Phrase"/>
+ </rdf:Description>
+ <rdf:Description rdf:about="http://nlp2rdf.lod2.eu/nif/offset_34_38_been">
+ <j.1:anchorOf>been</j.1:anchorOf>
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+ <j.4:nextWord rdf:resource="http://nlp2rdf.lod2.eu/nif/offset_39_44_eaten"/>
+ <j.4:lemma>be</j.4:lemma>
+ <j.4:posTag>VBN</j.4:posTag>
+ <rdf:type rdf:resource="http://purl.org/olia/olia-top.owl#LinguisticConcept"/>
+ <rdf:type rdf:resource="http://purl.org/olia/penn.owl#Tag"/>
+ <rdf:type rdf:resource="http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#Verb"/>
+ <rdf:type rdf:resource="http://purl.org/olia/penn.owl#PastParticiple"/>
+ <rdf:type rdf:resource="http://purl.org/olia/olia-top.owl#MorphosyntacticCategory"/>
+ <rdf:type rdf:resource="http://nlp2rdf.lod2.eu/schema/string/OffsetBasedString"/>
+ <rdf:type rdf:resource="http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#NonFiniteVerb"/>
+ <rdf:type rdf:resource="http://purl.org/olia/system.owl#LinguisticAnnotation"/>
+ <rdf:type rdf:resource="http://purl.org/olia/penn.owl#Verb"/>
+ <rdf:type rdf:resource="http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#Participle"/>
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+ <rdf:Description rdf:about="http://purl.org/olia/penn.owl#PastParticiple">
+ <rdfs:subClassOf rdf:resource="http://purl.org/olia/penn.owl#Verb"/>
+ <rdfs:subClassOf rdf:resource="http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#Participle"/>
+ <rdfs:comment>This is a verb in past participle.</rdfs:comment>
+ <rdf:type rdf:resource="http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#Class"/>
+ </rdf:Description>
+ <rdf:Description rdf:about="http://nlp2rdf.lod2.eu/nif/offset_30_33_has">
+ <rdf:type rdf:resource="http://purl.org/olia/olia-top.owl#MorphosyntacticCategory"/>
+ <j.1:anchorOf>has</j.1:anchorOf>
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+ <rdf:type rdf:resource="http://nlp2rdf.lod2.eu/schema/string/OffsetBasedString"/>
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+ <j.4:nextWord rdf:resource="http://nlp2rdf.lod2.eu/nif/offset_34_38_been"/>
+ <rdf:type rdf:resource="http://purl.org/olia/penn.owl#Verb"/>
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+ <rdf:type rdf:resource="http://purl.org/olia/system.owl#LinguisticAnnotation"/>
+ <rdf:type rdf:resource="http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#Verb"/>
+ <rdf:type rdf:resource="http://purl.org/olia/penn.owl#Tag"/>
+ <j.4:posTag>VBZ</j.4:posTag>
+ <rdf:type rdf:resource="http://purl.org/olia/penn.owl#BePresentTense"/>
+ </rdf:Description>
+ <rdf:Description rdf:about="http://purl.org/olia/system.owl#UnitOfAnnotation">
+ <rdfs:comment>A UnitOfAnnotation is a structural entity that can be annotated, e.g., a word, token, constituent, or another types of markable.
+Word classes, etc., are then modelled as indirect children of UnitOfAnnotation. The division between Features and classes of UnitsOfAnnotation follows conventional standards.
+ </rdfs:comment>
+ <rdfs:subClassOf rdf:resource="http://purl.org/olia/system.owl#LinguisticAnnotation"/>
+ <rdf:type rdf:resource="http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#Class"/>
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+ <j.4:lemma>the</j.4:lemma>
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+ <rdf:type rdf:resource="http://purl.org/olia/olia-top.owl#LinguisticConcept"/>
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+ <j.4:lemma>boy</j.4:lemma>
+ <rdf:type rdf:resource="http://purl.org/olia/penn.owl#CommonNoun"/>
+ <rdf:type rdf:resource="http://purl.org/olia/olia.owl#CommonNoun"/>
+ <j.4:posTag>NN</j.4:posTag>
+ <rdf:type rdf:resource="http://purl.org/olia/system.owl#LinguisticAnnotation"/>
+ <rdf:type rdf:resource="http://purl.org/olia/penn.owl#Noun"/>
+ <j.4:nextWord rdf:resource="http://nlp2rdf.lod2.eu/nif/offset_76_80_eats"/>
+ <j.1:anchorOf>boy</j.1:anchorOf>
+ </rdf:Description>
+ <rdf:Description rdf:about="http://purl.org/olia/stanford.owl#PassiveNominalSubject">
+ <rdf:type rdf:resource="http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#ObjectProperty"/>
+ <rdfs:subPropertyOf rdf:resource="http://purl.org/olia/stanfor...
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