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...Late-fusion models encode each modality independently, but into one shared vector space. Due to independent encoding late-fusion models are good at capturing coarse-grained features but often neglect fine-grained ones. This type of models is well-suited for retrieval in large collections. The most famous example of such models is CLIP by OpenAI. Early-fusion models encode both modalities jointly so they can take into account fine-grained features. Usually, these models are used for re-ranking relatively small retrieval results. Mid-fusion models are the golden midpoint between the previous two types. ...