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...It uses a 32-bit instruction format with a small opcode set, dynamic frame chaining, and a constant pool to keep bytecode compact and language-agnostic. The VM provides two runtime stacks: an operand stack for execution and a frame stack for memory, scope, and control-flow management. Functions, loops, and blocks are represented through specialized frames, enabling dynamic scope resolution, branching, and multiple return values. Rather than embedding complex language features into the VM, Cencio relies on native functions and FFI extensions for most runtime semantics. This design allows different languages to share the same execution engine while keeping the VM simple, flexible, and easy to maintain.