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RStan is the R interface to Stan, a C++ library for statistical modeling and high-performance statistical computation. It lets users specify models in the Stan modeling language (for Bayesian inference), compile them, and perform inference from R. Key inference approaches include full Bayesian inference via Hamiltonian Monte Carlo (specifically the No-U-Turn Sampler, NUTS), approximate Bayesian inference via variational methods, and optimization (penalized likelihood). RStan integrates with Stan’s automatic differentiation library, provides diagnostics, model comparison, posterior predictive checks, etc. ...