XLM (Cross-lingual Language Model) is a family of multilingual pretraining methods that align representations across languages to enable strong zero-shot transfer. It popularized objectives like Masked Language Modeling (MLM) across many languages and Translation Language Modeling (TLM) that jointly trains on parallel sentence pairs to tighten cross-lingual alignment. Using a shared subword vocabulary, XLM learns language-agnostic features that work well for classification and sequence labeling tasks such as XNLI, NER, and POS without target-language supervision. ...