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Fuzzy Ecospace Modelling (FEM) is an R-based program for quantifying and comparing functional disparity, using a fuzzy set theory-based machine learning approach. FEM clusters n-dimensional matrices of functional traits (ecospace matrices – here called the Training Matrix) into functional groups and converts them into fuzzy functional groups using fuzzy discriminant analysis (Lin and Chen 2004 – see main text for more information). Following this, FEM classifies the functional entities from a second matrix (the Test Matrix) into the groups made using the Training Matrix, generating fuzzy membership values for each unit in the Test Matrix. ...